各专业词汇大全

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N - narrow money Easily available money, i.e. cash, checking accounts, very short-term liquid funds, etc. Equivalent to M1. 狭义货币（相当于美国的MI） 易于获得的货币，即现金、支票帐户、极短期流 动资金，等等。等于M1。 national agricultural research system - NARS 国家农业研究系统（简写为NARS） national environmental action plan - NEAP Environmental action plan at the level of an individual country. They are intended to ensure that decision-makers take environmental issues into consideration in policy formulation and are closely linked to World Bank projects. 国家环境行动计划（简写为NEAP） 指国家一级的环境行动计划。这些计划旨在保证 国家政策制定者在政策形成过程中考虑到环境 问题，并是与世界银行项目密切相关的。 natural capital The natural environment. Includes land, watercourses, the oceans, the air, etc. 自然资本 指自然环境。它包括土地、河流、海洋和空气等。 natural gas liquids - NGL 液态天然气（简写为MGL） natural wastage; attrition* 自然损耗，自然消减 near cash instruments Instrument that can be converted to cash in a very short time. 准现金票据 可以在很短时间内转换成现金的票据。 near money; quasi-money Assets which have properties resembling those of money in the strict sense. Includes savings deposits, time deposits, certificates of deposits, deposits in thrift institutions, etc. 准货币 在严格意义上，指具有类似货币性质的资产，包 括储蓄存款、定期存款、定期存款单、在储蓄机 构的存款等。 negative amortization loan Installment loan having the annuity principal as a basis for computation, whose fixed periodic payments increase from time to time, e.g. annually, bi-annually. Initial installments typically are insufficient to meet the interest accruing on the loan principal and unpaid balances of interest are added to the principal outstanding. As the periodic installments increase in value they become sufficient to meet the interest due and commence reducing the principal outstanding. 负分期偿还贷款 以年本金为基础计算的分期偿还贷款，其定期偿 付额按时增加（如每年或每两年一次）。初次分 期偿还额一般不足以抵补贷款本金所积欠的利 息，未支付的利息加在积欠本金余额上。随着定 期分期偿还值的增加，它们将足以抵补到期利 息，并开始减少积欠本金。 negative pledge clause Clause in loan agreement obligating the borrower not to grant security without equally securing the loan in question. 限制抵押条款 贷款协定中的一项条款，要求借款人在未给本贷 款作出同等抵押前，不得给其它贷款作出抵押。 negative rate of interest 负利率 negative sum game 负收益策略 negative term transformation* 消极期限转换 negotiated contract* 谈判成交的合同 net beneficial product 净效益产品 net benefit investment ratio The ratio between the present worth of net benefits and the present worth of an investment; alternatively, the sum of present worths after the incremental net benefit stream has become positive, divided by the sum of present worths in the earlier years of the project. 净效益投资比率 指净效益的现值与一项投资现值的比率，亦即在 新增的净效益流成为正数以后的总值的现值，除 以项目早期总值的现值。 net book value; current equity investment; net investment The contribution value plus covered retained earnings, less remitted earnings, less depreciation of assets or other commercial losses. Used by some countries as a basis for computing the amount of compensation. 帐面净值；当期股本投资；净投资 即出资价值加上留存盈利，减去已分派盈利，再 减去资产折旧或其他商业损失。在一些国家里用 作计算赔偿额的基础。 net calorific value - NCV; lower heating value; net heating value - NHV Total amount of heat produced by combustion less the latent heat of evaporation of any water present in fuel before combustion. 净卡路里值（简写为NCV）；低热值；净热值（简 写为NHV） 燃烧产生的总热量减去用于蒸发燃烧前燃料中 所含水份的热量。 net cash requirements - NCR Gross disbursements plus outstanding debts due to mature, less repayments and sales of loans, less net income adjusted for non-cash items, less the increase in usable capital. 净现金需要 （简写为NCR） 总支付额加上未偿还债务余额中到期部分，减去 偿还和出售贷款数额，减去按非现金科目调整后 的净收入，再减去可用资本的增加部分。 net cash revenue* 净现金收入 net discounted value 净贴现值 net energy ratio - NER Ratio between delivered net energy demand and GDP. 净能源比率(简写为NER) 即已得到满足的的净能源需求与国内生产总值 之间的比率。 net factor service income Net income derived directly from the provision of services. 净要素服务收入 直接来自劳务的净收入。 net heating value - NHV; net calorific value - NCV; lower heating value Total amount of heat produced by combustion less the latent heat of evaporation of any water present in fuel before combustion. 净热值（简写为NHV）；净卡路里值（简写为 NCV）；低热值 燃烧产生的总热量减去用于蒸发燃烧前燃料中 所含水份的热量。 net income Revenues less operating costs. 净收入 收入减去经营成本。 net interest margin on average earning assets Average interest return on loans and investments less average rate of debt interest expenses. Return on investments includes realized capital gains and losses. 平均生利资产的净利差幅度 即放款和投资的平均利息收益减去平均债务利 息支出。投资收益包括已实现的资本收益和损 失。 net investment 净投资 见 net book value net material product - NMP The total amount of material goods and services associated with production supplied by the national economy. Used in the national accounting of the socialist countries. 物质生产净值（简写为NMP） 与国民经济提供的生产相关联的物质产品和劳 务的总值。用于社会主义国家的国民帐户。 net of taxes 税后净值 net out 净得 net present value in efficiency prices - ENVP The present value of net benefits measured in efficiency prices. 效率价格净现值（简写为ENVP） 用效率价格衡量的净收益的现值。 net present worth, value - NPW, NPV The net value or net benefit of a project when all costs have been discounted to the present at the accounting rate of interest. May be positive or negative but for project to be acceptable must be either zero or positive. 净现值（简写为NPW，NPV） 按会计利率把所有成本贴现后得出的一个项目 的净值或净收益。其结果可能有正有负，但对项 目的可行性而言，必须是零或正的才能接受。 亦见social net present value net profits interest [oil] A share of gross production from a property, measured by net profits from operation of the property. It is carved out of the working interest.

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净利润收益[石油] 指一项财产总产值中的一个份额，以该财产经营 中的净利润来衡量。它是从（石油业）的开采权 益中分割出来的。 net realizable value 可实现净价 见 current exit value net register tonnage - NRT The gross register tonnage of a ship (calculated on cubic capacity at 100 cu ft per ton) less engine room, navigation, light, air, locker room spaces, etc. It represents the actual carrying capacity of the ship. 净注册吨位（简写为NTR） 船舶的总注册吨位（按每吨100立方英尺计算的 立方容积）减去机房、导航、灯光、通风和储藏 间等空间。它代表船舶的实际运载能力。 net reproduction rate - NRR Number of daughters a newborn girl is projected to bear during her lifetime, assuming fixed age-specific fertility rates and a fixed set of mortality rates. 净生育率（简写为NRR） 在假定特定年龄的生育率和死亡率均不变的条 件下，一名新生女孩在其一生中将生育的女孩数 目。 net unrealized gain The difference between unrealized gain and specific reserves in the equity portfolio. 未实现收益净额 未实现收益同股本投资组合中的专项准备金之 间的差额。 net worth [individuals, private corporations] The excess of all assets over liabilities. In a company this represents the net interests of the owners, i.e. stockholders' equity. 净值[个人，私营公司] 指资产总额超过负债总额的部分。在公司中，它 代表业主的净利益，即股东权益。 net worth 净值 见 stockholder's equity [corporations] netback value [energy] value of oil or gas taking the price paid downstream for the product less the transportation and other costs incurred between the wellhead and the downstream place of sale. 倒求净值 [能源] 即用下游用户为产品支付的价格，减去从井口到 下游销售地的运费和其他费用而求出石油和天 然气的价值。 network analysis 网络分析 network diagram 网络图解 New International Economic Order - NIEO* 国际经济新秩序（简写为NIEO） newly agro-industrialized economy - NAE 新兴农业-产业化经济（简写为NAE） newly industrialized country - NIC Used in OECD classifications, this refers to those countries at a relatively advanced level of economic development with a substantial and dynamic industrial sector and with close links to the international trade, finance and investment system (Argentina, Brazil, Greece, Hong Kong, Korea, Mexico, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Taiwan and Yugoslavia). 新兴工业化国家和地区（简写为NIC） 经济合作与发展组织分类用语，指那些经济发展 比较先进，具有相当大规模和有活力的工业部 门，并同国际贸易、金融、投资体系有着密切联 系的国家（如阿根廷、巴西、希腊、中国香港、 韩国、墨西哥、葡萄牙、新加坡、西班牙、中国 台湾和前南斯拉夫）。 newly industrializing country - NIC A general term, often used synonymously with newly industrialized country, used by the Bank but not as one of their official classifications. 新兴工业化中的国家和地区（简写为NIC） 一个概括性的名称，常常与新兴工业化国家和地 区一词通用。世界银行使用这一名词，但不作为 正式分类名称。 new money packages 一揽子新货币 “new style” project [IBRD] Project geared less toward large infrastructure construction (often carried out almost entirely by foreign contractors) and more toward smaller efforts using local staff, emphasizing appropriate technology and low-cost design, using and/or strengthening local institutions, having a built-in monitoring and evaluation system and paying attention to cost recovery from beneficiaries. “新型”项目[国际复兴开发银行] 这类项目较少侧重于（往往几乎全部由外国承包 商实施的）大型基础设施建设，而更多侧重于使 用当地人员，强调采用适用技术和低成本的设 计，利用和（或）加强当地机构，具有内在的监 测和评价制度，并注意从受益者身上收回成本。 next-in-line manager 上一级直接领导 niche market 具有优势的市场

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night soil 大粪 NIMBY (not-in-my-backyard) The idea that people favor, e.g. waste disposal sites, anywhere but in their immediate environment. 不要在我的后院 人们赞成的一种观念，即可以在任何地方，但不 要在他们附近的环境里建立垃圾处理场所。 nitrogen, nitrogenous fertilizer 氮肥 nitrogen oxides (NOx) Compounds which affect the human respiratory system and plant growth. In combination with SOx, one of the causes of acid rain. 氧化氮 影响人类呼吸系统和植物生长的化合物。与氧化 硫（SOx）相结合后，成为形成酸雨的原因之一。 nitrous oxide A greenhouse gas. 一氧化二氮 一种温室气体。 no load fund Money market fund that does not charge a fixed fee commission to investors. 无佣金基金，不收手续费的基金 不向投资者收取手续费的货币市场基金。 nominal effective exchange rate An effective exchange rate which is not adjusted for relative inflation differentials. 名义有效汇率 没有按与通货膨胀有关的差幅进行调整的有效 汇率。 nominal price 名义价格 nominal protection coefficient - NPC A coefficient that takes into account tariffs, quotas and nontariff barriers that protect farmers as well as the impact of export taxes or restrictions that penalize farmers and the over- or undervaluation of the exchange rate, when determining the incentives or disincentives farmers face in different countries. 名义保护系数（简写为NPO） 这种系数考虑到保护农民的关税、配额和非关税 壁垒，也考虑到不利于农民的出口税或其他限 制，以及汇率高估或低估对不同国家农民产生的 激励和反激励影响。 nominal service 基本服务 nominated subcontractor Subcontractor approved by the employer or engineer. 指定的分包商 指由业主或工程师批准的分包商。 nomination 指定 nonaccelerating-wages rate of unemployment - NAWRU The level of unemployment at which wage growth might be kept stable. 无工资增长的失业率（简写为NAWRU） 可使工资增长保持稳定的失业水平。 nonaccrual rate [World Bank] Percentage of loans in nonaccrual status. 非应计率[世界银行] 非应计状况下的贷款比率。 nonaccrual status When a borrower is placed in nonaccrual status, accrued interest is eliminated from the financial statement receivable balances and interest income is correspondingly reduced. During the time the borrower remains in nonaccrual status, interest income is reflected in the financial statement only to the extent actually received in cash. Placing a borrower in nonaccrual status in no way affects the interest payment obligations to the borrower; interest continues to be billed on the original terms of the loan. 非应计状况[世界银行] 借款人处于非应计状况时，应计利息不再出现在 财务报表的应收余额上，利息收入也相应减少。 在借款人处于非应计状况其间，利息收入只有在 实际收到现金时才反映在财务报表中。将借款人 置于非应计状况绝不影响其支付利息的义务，利 息仍按原定的贷款条件收取。 nonaccrual trigger point, date Period, usually six months, before a loan or credit is put into nonaccrual status. 非应计状况触发点，日期 即把一笔贷款或信贷置于非应计状况之前的一 段时间，通常为6个月。 nonaccruing loan 非应计贷款 见 nonperforming loan nonctive borrower 停止借款的国家 见 active borrower nonassociated gas Free gas not in contact with crude oil in the reservoir. 非伴生天然气 在石油油藏中与原油不接触的单独的天然气。 Nonbank bank; nonbank finacian institution* 非银行金融机构 nonbulk traffic Carriage of small items, not in bulk form. 非大宗运输品 指小件物品的承运，而非大宗或散装的形式。 noncallable [bond] Bond or other instrument that cannot be recalled or redeemed prior to maturity. 不可提前收回的[债券] 不可在到期日以前收回或偿还的债券或其他票 据。 noncash expenses Depreciation and amortization for the year and other expenses appearing in an income statement which are not subject to cash drawn down, and which should be added to net income in preparing a sources and applications of funds statement. 非现金开销 当年的折旧和摊销以及在损益表中出现的其他 开销。这些费用并不带来现金的减少，而在编制 资金来源和运用表时应加在净收入上。 noncash input Agricultural input not in the form of cash. 非现金投入 非现金形式的农业投入。 noncash item 非现金科目 noncash working capital Working capital not in cash form, i.e. receivables and inventories. 非现金流动资金 非现金形式的流动资金，如应收款和库存。 nonconcessional, nonconcessionary flows 非优惠性资金流量 noncore project Opposite of a core project, i.e. a project not in one of the key designated by the Government. 非核心项目 核心项目的反义词，即不是政府指定的重点项目 之一。 non debt - creating flows* 不产生债务的资金流动

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non-18% currency Protected 18% currency recovered by the Bank under the accelerated recall procedure and exchanged for an equivalent amount of currency freely convertible and usable by the Bank. 非18%货币[世界银行] 世界银行按照“加速回收”程序收回的已加保护 的18%货币，并兑换成等值的可自由兑换并可由 世界银行使用的货币。 nonequity direct investment Any of the following forms of investment which have terms of at least three years and the other characteristics individually specified. Investments such as: production-sharing contracts, profit- -sharing contracts, management contracts, franchising agreements, licensing agreements, turnkey contracts, operating leasing agreements and subordinated debentures. 非股本直接投资 指以下任何一种形式，期限至少三年，并具有逐 一确定的特性的投资。这类投资包括产品分享合 同、利润分享合同、管理合同、特许权协议、许 可证协议、交钥匙合同、经营性租赁协议和次级 信用债券。 nonexcludable, nonexcludible goods A good is said to be non-excludable if its provision to any one person automatically makes it available to others. 非独家商品，非排他货物 指只要向一家供应，就自动成为其他家也可以得 到的货物。 nonexpendable equipment Used in UNDP to cover all items for which inventory records are maintained at Agency HQ, i.e. valued at more than $100 with a normal life expectancy of more than 5 years. 非消耗性设备 联合国开发计划署对所有记录在机构总部存货 中的物品的称谓。即价值在100美元以上，正常 预计使用寿命在5年以上的物品。 nonfactor services - n.f.s. In balance of payments, all services except for interest payments and other income from capital and wages, salaries and other income from labor. 非要素服务(简写为n.f.s.) 指在国际收支平衡表中，所有除了利息支付和来 自资本、工资、薪水的其他收入及来自劳务的其 它收入之外的所有服务。 non-food agricultural commodity 非食品农业商品 Non-Food Agricultural Price Index [IBRD] 非食品农产品价格指数[国际复兴开发银行] nonformal education Education taking place outside of schools, colleges and universities and aiming to develop knowledge, skills and attitudes that are not normally given prominence in formal educational institutions. 非正规教育 在学校、学院和大学以外的地方进行的教育，旨 在开发通常为正规教育机构所不重视的知识、技 能和修养。 nonfuel minerals 非燃料矿物 nongovernmental organization - NGO 非政府组织（简写为NGO） noninterest bearing note 不附息票据 noninterest current account deficit 不带息的经常项目赤字 noninterest deficit 非利息赤字 见 primary deficit nonmarket economy 非市场经济 nonmarket services [national accounts] Services that do not have a commercial aim. Usually used for the services provided by local and national government and other official bodies. 非市场服务[国民帐户] 没有商业目的的服务。通常用来指地方和国家政 府及其它官方机构提供的服务。 nonnegotiable note 非流通票据，不可转让票据 nonoil developing country 非石油出口发展中国家 nonoperating income The revenue of an enterprise derived from sources other than its regular activities. 营业外收入，非营业收入 一个企业从其常规业务活动以外的来源取得的 收入。 nonoriginal member [MIGA] Full member, i.e. has signed and ratified the Convention and paid initial capital subscription as required by Resolution No. 12. of the Council of Governors, adopted on March 1989, since adoption of this Resolution. 非创始会员国[多边投资担保机构] 指在1989年3月理事会采纳12号决议以来，按该 决议要求，签署和批准“多边投资担保机构公 约”，并缴纳初始认购资本的正式会员国。 non-pension retiree medical costs 吴养老金的退休人员医疗费用 nonperforming assets Assets which have no financial return. 无盈利效能的资产，不良资产 没有财务收益的资产。 nonperforming debt A debt which has no financial return (i.e. no interest is paid on it). 无利息收入的放款 一笔没有财务收益（即没有利息收入）的债务。 nonperforming loan; nonaccruing loan Loan where payment of interest has been delayed for more than 90 days. 暂无利息收益的贷款；非应计贷款 利息拖欠超过90天的贷款。 nonpoint source Discharge of pollutants from a non-specific source. Includes runoff from city streets, parking lots, agricultural land and construction sites. 无确定地点的污染源 从一个没有确定地点的源头排放出来的污染物， 包括从城市街道、停车场、农田和建筑工地排放 出来的污物。 nonportfolio project [IFC] Project carried out by IFC that does not form part of its loan portfolio, e.g. providing technical assistance. 非贷款业务项目[国际金融公司] 由国际金融公司进行的不构成其贷款资产的项 目，例如提供技术援助。 nonprice competition 非价格竞争 nonprofit organization; not-for-profit organization 非盈利组织 nonproject aid 非项目援助 nonproprietary name 无注册牌名，非专利品名 nonpurpose loan 不规定用途的贷款 nonrecourse finance A loan where the lenders look solely to the cash flow generated by the project being financed for repayment. There is no recourse to the sponsor of the project, so that the lenders assume all the commercial and political risks of the project. 无追索权的融资 贷款人只期望靠项目产生的现金流量来偿还贷 款的融资项目。因对项目的发起人没有追索权， 故由贷款人承担该项目的所有商业和政治风险。

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nonrecourse participation Sales of participation in a company where the sale is on a “nonrecourse” basis, i.e. the buyer has no recourse against the seller if the project fails to generate money. 无追索权的参与 指在“无追索权”的基础上出售在一个公司中的 参股；即假如项目不能赚钱，买方对卖方没有追 索权。 nonrecurring expenses 非经常性费用，临时费用 nonregular staff - NRS 非正式职工（简写为NRS） nonreporting nonmember country 非报告非会员国 nonresponsive 不作出反应的，无反应的 nonrevenue water Water that is supplied but for which no revenue is collected (e.g. illegal extraction, leakages). 无收入供水 指得不到收入的供水（如非法抽取，漏失等）。 nonstock corporation 非股份公司 nontariff barrier - NTB Factors other than tariffs inhibiting international trade. Include advance deposits on import payments, customs and administrative procedures and similar practices. 非关税壁垒（简写为NTB） 指关税以外阻碍国际贸易的因素，包括进口付款 的预付金、海关和行政手续以及其他类似做法。 nontradable [noun] A good that cannot be exported because its domestic cost of production is higher than the export (fob) price but lower than the import (cif) price. 非贸易物品[名词] 由于国内生产成本高于出口价格（离岸价），但 低于进口价格（到岸价），因而不能出口的货物。 nontraded goods Tradable goods that for economic or policy reasons are neither imported nor exported, or inherently non-tradable goods. 非贸易物品 由于经济或政策上的原因，既不进口也不出口一 些的可贸易货物；或是本来意义上的非贸易货 物。 nontraded tradable; tradable but nontraded (good, item) Goods which would usually be imported were it not for an import quota or outright ban enforced against them. 非贸易的可贸易物品，可贸易的非贸易物品 即如果不是进口配额或直接地禁止进口的缘故， 通常会进口的货物。 “no objection” (procedure) Procedure whereby a proposal is deemed approved if no objection is formally received by a specified date. “不反对意见”（程序） 在规定日期内如不见正式提出异议，即被认为已 通过的程序。 no recourse sale Sale where the buyer has no legal recourse against the seller. 无追索权销售 指买方对卖方没有法律上的追索权的销售。 no-return equity 无收益股本 normal financing 正常融资 not applicable - n.a. 不适用（简写为n.a.） not available - n.a. 不详、无资料可引（简写为n.a.） notebook computer 笔记本式电脑 not elsewhere specified - n.e.s. 未另说明（简写为n.e.s） not-for-profit organization; nonprofit organization 非赢利组织 not included elsewhere - n.i.e. 别处未包括的，未另列明（简写为n.i.e） not-in-my-backyard 不要在我的后院 见 NIMBY note [capital markets] A bond with short- or medium-term maturity. 票据[资本市场] 短期或中期债券。 note deposit [IDA] 无息票据存款[国际开发协会] note issuance facility - NIF 票据保险措施（简写为 NIF） 见 revolving underwriting facility note issue 期票发行 notice of registration Notice sent to applicant on receipt of preliminary application for guarantee to show that the investment has been registered by MIGA. 登记通知 收到初步担保申请时发给申请者的通知，表示多 边投资担保机构已将该项投资登记在案。 notice to proceed [contracts] A letter sent to a vendor prior to the issuance of a contract to ensure that certain basic agreements are clearly understood by both parties. When signed by both parties, this document establishes a contractual relationship and is legally binding. 开工通知[合同] 在发包前给卖主的一封信，以保证双方对某些基 本协议已明确地理解。在双方签字之后，该文件 即确立了合同关系，并具有法律约束力。 nuclear housing 核心住房 见 core housing nuclearization [education] 核心化，小型化 [教育] nucleus estate A central unit in the form of a processing plant or plantation that provides technical assistance, inputs and marketing services to its associated outgrowers who, in return, sell their products through the unit. 中心场、站 以加工厂或种植场为形式的一个中心单位，向与 其有关的外围种植户提供技术援助、投入物和销 售服务。后者则通过它出售产品。 nuisance tariff Very low tariff established merely to cause a nuisance. 烦扰税 只是为了带来麻烦而征收的非常低的关税。 numeracy 识数能力 numeraire 货币兑换率标准，法币，硬币 nurse crop; cover crop 保护作物，覆盖作物 nurse 护士 见 practical nurse nutrients 营养成分 nutritional dwarfing 营养不良性身材矮小 见 stunting

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O - objection to jurisdiction [ICSID] 对裁判权的异议[解决投资争端国际中心] objective function [economic analysis] A function relating the objective (the variable to be optimized) to the choice variable in an optimization problem. 目标函数[经济分析] 在解决优化问题时，把目标（待优化的变量）与 选择变量相联系的涵数。 object-oriented programming system - OOPS Type of computer programming where each object carries out specific tasks and the information passed between objects is in a standardized way. It is an extension of structured programming. 目标导向程序编制系统（简写为OOPS） 指一种计算机程序编制系统。在这个系统中，每 一个目标都担负着具体的任务，相互之间通过标 准的方式传递信息。它是结构式编程的延伸。 occasional earnings 非经常收益 ocean freight rate index An index of trans-oceanic freight rates. For grains, the Bank uses US/Canada (St. Lawrence) to Antwerp/Rotterdam/Amsterdam; for sugar Queensland, Australia to UK or Japan. 海洋货运费指数 一种远洋货运费率指数。对粮食，世界银行使用 美国/加拿大（圣劳伦斯）到安特卫普/鹿特丹/阿 姆斯特丹的费率；对食糖，使用从澳大利亚昆士 兰到英国或日本的费率。 octane booster Fuel additive used to boost octane level. Lead has been the main octane booster till recently but now other, more environmentally friendly substances, such as ether, are being used. 辛烷助燃剂 指提高辛烷值的燃料添加剂。到目前为止，铅曾 是主要的辛烷助燃剂，但现在正在使用别的环保 型材料，如乙醚。 off - balance - sheet item* 资产负债表外科目 office automation 办公室自动化 office occupancy fee - OOF The fee paid by IFC to the Bank for occupying the I Building. 办公室占用费（简写为OOF） 指国际金融公司向世界银行支付的I楼占用费。 official capital 官方（政府）资本 official debt 官方（政府）债务 official development assistance - ODA 官方（政府）开发援助(简写为ODA ) official export credit 官方（政府）出口信贷 official flows [development] 官方（政府）资金流量[开发] official holdings 官方（政府）股票、财产 officialization (of debt) Shifting of the composition of debt holdings from commercial banks to official creditors. （债务）官方化 指把商业银行的债务构成转移到官方贷款机构。 off-market transaction 场外交易 off-season, out-of-season crop 非时令，不合农时的作物 offset agreements Countertrade in which a company agrees to buy products unrelated to its normal business to complete a sale. 抵偿性购货协定 一种对等贸易，其中一个公司为了完成一笔销售 同意购买与其正常业务无关的产品。 offset borrowings Borrowings of funds by Bank from institutions where deposits are held, prior to the maturity of the deposits. 抵销性借款 指世界银行从有其存款的金融机构在存款到期 以前借入资金。 offshore assembly, processing Production activity in a developing country involving assembling materials produced in a foreign country. 海外组装，海外加工 在一个发展中国家，用某一外国生产的原材料进 行组装的生产活动。 offshore bank Bank located outside the country in question. 海外银行 位于所涉及到的某国以外的银行。 offshore cost Assembly costs outside the host country. 海外成本、海外费用 发生在东道国以外的组装成本、费用。 offshore drilling 近海钻井 offshore field 近海油田

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offshore market non-domestic market, e.g. there is a domestic (US) and offshore market in US dollars. 海外市场 非国内市场。例如美元有一个国内（美国）市场 和一个海外市场。 offshore processing, assembly Production activity in a developing country involving assembling materials produced in a foreign country. 海外加工 在一个发展中国家，用某一外国生产的原材料进 行组装的生产活动。 offtake [livestock] Livestock which can be taken out of a herd (flock, etc.) and for marketing. 出栏畜[牲畜] 可以出栏上市的牲畜。 offtake rate [livestock] The rate at which livestock is withdrawn from a herd (flock, etc.) for marketing. 出栏率[牲畜] 可以出栏销售的牲畜占牲畜总数的比率。 off-the-shelf 现成的 off-the-shelf goods Goods that are available ready made, i.e. that do not have to be custom made. 现成货物 指已经做成待售的货物，即非客户定做的货物。 off-the-shelf purchases 购买现成货物 off-the-shelf price The price of goods obtained off the shelf. 现成货物价格 现成货物的价格。 off-the-shelf technology 现成技术 oil 油，燃油 见 heating oil; heavy oil; heavy fuel oil oil bill [national] 石油帐单[国家的] oil fired power station 燃油发电站 oil (drilling) rig, platform 石油钻井机、石油钻井平台 oil sands 油砂 oil shale 油页岩 oil shock 石油危机 oilcake 油渣饼 onchocerciasis; river blindness 河盲症 on-costs [UK]; indirect costs A cost not attributed to the production of a specified good or service but to an activity associated with production generally. 外加成本[英国]；间接成本 不是由于生产某种货物或提供某种服务而产生 的成本，而是和总的生产有关的一项活动的成 本。 on demand guarantee Guarantee, such as a performance guarantee, where the bank issuing the guarantee must pay the person or organization to whom the guarantee is given the sum guaranteed, on demand, without any reason being given. 即付保证金 一种凭要求即付的保证金，如履行保证金。发出 这种保证的银行必需凭要求按保证金额悉数支 付被保证人或组织，无需提供任何理由。 one parent family 单亲家庭 one-shot survey 一次性调查 one-stop agency, shop System whereby several bureaucratic procedures are combined into one. 一揽子机构，一揽子商店 指把各种繁琐的官僚手续合而为一的制度。 on-farm consumption 农场消费 on-farm developments, improvements 农场发展，农场改进 on-farm research - OFR 农场研究（简写为OFR） onlend, to 转贷 onlending; onward lending Equivalent to relending in connection with new money loans. The funds are recorded as a deposit in the central bank but the foreign bank and the contractual borrower (usually the Central Bank) agree that the loan proceeds will be made available to a third party within the country of the borrower. 转贷 是与新货币贷款相关的再贷款的同意词。这项资 金作为存款过户到中央银行，但外国银行和合同 借款人（通常为中央银行）同意借款人所在国的 第三方使用贷款资金。 on-costs [UK]; indirect costs* 外加成本[英国]；间接成本 onshore cost; local cost 国内成本 on-the-job training 在职培训 onward lending 转贷 见 onlending open cast, cut, pit, strip mining 露天开采，露天开矿 open economy An economy which engages in international 开放经济 参与国际贸易的经济体。 open-ended commitment 无限制承诺 open-ended contract; open-end contract A contract providing an unspecified amount of goods or services over a period of time, which may or may not be specified. 不定量合同 一项在一定时间内（可以或不予规定）提供不定 数量的货物或劳务的合同。 open-ended group 不限成员名额的小组(团体) open-end (investment) fund; unit trust [UK] An investment company that sells and reclaims its capital stock continuously, selling it at book value, adding a sales charge, and redeeming it at a slight discount or at book value. 开放型 (投资) 基金；无定额（投资）资金；单位 信托基金[英国] 一个不断出售和回购其股本的投资公司，出售时 价格为帐面价值加销售费用；回购时价格则带少 量折扣或为帐面价值。 open general licence - OGL System where, for a previously approved list of commodities, qualified importers can automatically obtain licenses and unlimited foreign exchange from the authorities. 开放型一般许可证 在这种制度下，按照事先批准的商品目录单，合 格的进口商可以自动获得许可证，并从当局无限 制地取得外汇。 open-hearth steelmaking 平炉炼钢 open market 1. The market maintained by government securities dealers. As regards U.S. Treasury borrowing operations, the open market is the money market in the case of short-term obligations or the capital market in the case of long-term obligations. 2. The general financial market. 开放市场 1、指由政府证券经纪人所维持的市场。就美国 财政部借款业务而言，开放市场是短期债务的货 币市场或长期债务的资本市场。 2、指一般金融市场。 open market operations* 公开市场业务 open pit, open cast, open cut, strip mining 露天开采，露天采矿 open registry flag; flag of convenience 公开注册旗；方便旗 open tender; public tender 公开招标 open unemployment 公开失业 operating account Revenue and expense account. 营业帐户 收入与支出帐户。 operating budget A budget covering recurrent revenue and expense. 营业预算 包涵经常性收入和开支的预算。 operating deficit 营业亏损，营业赤字 operating department A department in an organization which is responsible for the basic operating functions of the organization (as opposed to surpport department). 营业部门，业务部门 一个组织中负责基本业务职能的部门。（相对于 辅助部门而言）。 operating expenses, costs The expense, other than financing, of carrying on the normal activities of an enterprise. 营业费用，营业成本 企业进行正常活动（除了融资以外）所需的费用。 operating income, profit 营业收入，营业利润

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operating lease A lease where the asset is not wholly amortized during the obligatory period (if any) of the lease, and where the lessor does not rely for his profit on the rentals in the obligatory period. In other words, the payments received under the lease do not necessarily cover the purchase price, and the lessor expects to take the asset back and re-lease it or resell it. Operating leases are often offered by equipment manufacturers rather than finance houses. 营业性租赁 一种租赁业务，在这里，租赁期内租赁资产并不 全部摊还，出租者的利润不取决于出租期内的租 金收入。换言之，在出租期内收到的付款，不一 定能弥补（设备）购价，出租人期望在租期满后 收回资产重新出租或重新销售。营业性租赁通常 是由设备制造商而不是由金融商所提供。 operating leasing agreement Agreement with terms of at least three years where the lessor leases capital goods to a lessee and where rental payments are at least in part dependent on the production, revenues or profits of the investment project. Considered as a type of non-equity direct investment for the purposes of MIGA. 营业性租赁协议 协议期限至少三年。出租人把资本货物租赁给承 租人，租金至少部分取决于该投资项目的生产、 收入或利润。多边投资担保机构视其为一种非股 本直接投资。 operating losses 营业损失 operating profit, income 营业利润 operating program [IBRD] 营业方案 [国际复兴开发银行] operating ratio The operating costs before debt service, depreciation and other financing charges, divided by operating revenues. 营业比率 即营业成本（在计入还债、折旧和其他融资费用 之前）除以营业收入。 operating subsidy 业务补贴 operating surplus 业务盈余，营业盈余 Operational Assistance - OPAS [UNDP] 业务援助计划（简写为OPAS）[联合国开发计划 署] operational cut-off; effective cut-off; operational threshold The maximum limit above which a country normally does not receive IDA financing. In theory, countries below the formal eligibility threshold can receive IDA financing but, with the exception of a few small island economies, do not. 业务界限；有效界限；业务临界 指一个国家一般不再能获得国际开发协会融资 的最高限度。理论上讲，在正式合格限度以下的 国家都可以获得国际开发协会融资，但实际上， 除了少数小岛国以外，并不是这样。 参见 formal eligibility threshold operational department [IBRD] 业务部门[国际复兴开发银行] Operational Manual Statement - OMS 业务手册条例(简写为OMS ) Operational Monthly Summary* 业务（项目）简况月报 operational, operations research 经营研究，业务研究 operational review 业务评审 operational travel 业务出差 Operations & Maintenance - O & M 营运与维修保养（简写为O&M） opportunity cost The value of something forgone. For example, the direct opportunity cost of a man-day of labor is what the man would otherwise have produced had he not been taken away from his usual occupation to be employed in a project. 机会成本 指放弃的东西的价值。举例来说，一个人/日的劳 动的直接机会成本是：一个人如不是由于受雇于 某一项目而离开他通常从事的工作所能生产的 价值。 亦见 social opportunity cost option bond 选择债券 见 multiple currency option bond option value The value given to keeping an asset (particularly an environmental one) for possible future use. 选择价值 为将来可能的用途，而保持一项资产（特别是环 境资产）的价值。 oral procedure [ICSID] 口头程序[解决投资争端国际中心] oral rehydration therapy - ORT method of treating victims of acute diarrhoea by given them, orally, fluids containing oral rehydration salts which contain special substances to combat rehydration, such as sodium chloride, glucose, trisodium citrate or potassium chloride. (防痢疾患者脱水的)口服补液疗法(简写为ORT ) 一种治疗急性腹泻的方法，即通过给病人服用含 有特殊物质（如氯化纳、葡萄糖、柠檬酸三纳或 氯化钾等）的口服补液以防止脱水。 orderly marketing arrangements - OMA In international trade, a market-sharing pact that restricts competition and preserves shares in national markets for local manufacturers who would otherwise lose out to cheaper or better products from abroad.

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有秩序的销售安排（简写为OMA） 在国际贸易中，一种限止竞争和为本国制造商保 留国内市场份额的市场分享公约，以防他们在来 自国外的价廉物美的商品竞争中失败。 ordinary share 普通股 见 common share organizational fine tuning 机构微调 organizational structure 组织结构 organization expenses; formation expenses Any cost incurred in establishing a corporation or other form of organization, such as incorporation, legal and accounting fees, promotional costs, etc. These constitute an intangible asset. 组建费用，筹备费用 指在建立一个公司或其他形式的组织时所发生 的一切费用。如注册，法律和会计费，公关费用 等等。这些组成了一项无形资产。 original issue discount (OID) [bond] Bond with a rate of interest below that demanded by the market place and sold at a price at a significant discount to par. 原发行面值折扣（简写为OID）[债券] 一种利率低于市场需求水平的债券，在出售时价 格按面值作相当大的折扣。 original member [MIGA] Full member, i.e. has signed and ratified the Convention and paid initial capital subscription prior to adoption of Resolution No. 12. 创始会员国[多边投资担保机构] 即在多边投资担保机构“12号决议”之前签署和 批准“多边投资担保机构公约”并缴付了初始认 购资本的正式会员国。 origin tax 原产地税 other official flows - OOF The transfer of resources from donor governments to developing countries which are not classified as official development assistance. This concept is used by the OECD to measure flows from DAC countries to developing countries and to multilateral organizations. 其他官方资金流量（简写为OOF） 指不列入官方发展援助类别的捐款国政府向发 展中国家转移的资金。这一概念是经济合作与发 展组织用以衡量从官方发展援助国家流向发展 中国家和多边组织的资金流量的。 outage [electricity] 停电[电力] outgrower Smallholder who manages his own crops but is linked to a nucleus estate in the form of either a processing plant or a plantation. The central unit provides technical assistance, inputs and marketing services and the outgrowers sell their products through this unit. 外围种植户 这类小种植户经营自己的作物，但与一个中心场 （站）相连，作为其加工厂或种植场。中心单位 为其提供技术援助、投入物和销售服务，而小种 植户通过这个中心出售他们的产品。 outlay account 支出帐户 见 income and outlay account outlier Datum that is greater than five standard deviations from the mean. 非正常值 指大于均数5个标差的数。 outlier project A one-off project. 外部项目 指一个主体之外的项目。 out-migration; rural exodus* 人口外流；农村人口外流 out-of-school education Education taking place outside of schools, colleges and universities and aiming to develop knowledge, skills and attitudes that are not normally given prominence in formal educational institutions. 校外教育 在校园外进行的，旨在开发知识、提高技术和改 善态度的学院或大学教育。这是正式教育机构一 般不太重视的。 参见monfoimal education out-of-season crop; off-season crop 不合农时作物 outpatient treatment 门诊治疗 outplacement （解雇前的）调职; ( 解雇后的 )新职介绍 output 产量；产出；产出物 outreach activities Activities by a central authority (government, World Bank) to establish contact with and assist people or small business in provincial areas. 拓展活动 由中央部门（政府、世界银行）组织的一种活动， 旨在与地方上的群众或小工商企业建立联络或 提供援助。 outreach post Local representative for an outreach program. 拓展职务 从事拓展计划的地方代表。 outreach program Program by a central authority (central government, World Bank) to establish contact with and assist people or small business in rural areas. 拓展计划 由中央部门（政府、世界银行）组织的计划，旨 在与农村地区的群众或小企业建立联系和提供 援助。 outreach worker Worker engaged in an outreach program. 拓展计划工作人员 从事拓展计划的工作人员。 outright sale 直接销售，无附带条件的销售 outsourcing; sourcing The process whereby an institution, corporation, etc. has an entire service carried out by an external company or purchases its entire needs in a specific area from an outside company. 外部采购 一个机构、公司等将整项劳务由一个外部公司承 包，或从一家外部公司采购某个特定领域的全部 需求。 outstanding bonds, securities, shares, stock Capital stock in the hands of the public. 已发行(未偿还) 的债券，已发行(流通中) 的证券、 股票

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指在公众手中的证券。 outstanding drawings [IMF] In the International Monetary Fund, the total amount of credit outstanding under the different Fund policies and facilities. 未偿还提款[国际货币基金] 国际货币基金在不同融资政策及办法下发放在 外尚未偿还的信贷总额。 outstanding external debt 未偿还外债，外债余额 outstanding loans 未偿还贷款，贷款余额 outward-looking, outward-oriented country 外向型国家 overaccruals Recording more money than was actually spent in a set of accounts, for an item. 超计 记帐时，一个科目的计入额大于实际支出额。 overage loan A special loan issued to cover excess costs on a project. 超支贷款 一笔补足某一项目超支费用的特别贷款。 overdesign 超度设计 overdraft facilities 透支手段 overemployment 过度就业 overexpenditures 超支 overexposure 业务量过多，风险过大 overflow basin Swampy area between river levees and valley sides, set aside for the diversion of floodwater. 溢洪谷地 指在河堤与溪谷之间留作分洪之用的沼泽地带。 overgeared 超量 overgrazing 过度放牧 overhang Excess, normally of supply over demand. 过剩额 一般指供应过于需求的余额。 overhaul [equipment] 大修[设备] overhead capital 间接资本 overhead costs; overheads An actual cost of doing business that cannot be associated directly with the production of a certain product. 间接成本；间接费用 业务经营中的一种实际成本，但不能与某一产品 的生产产生直接联系。 overinvestment 过度投资 overlay [highways] 路面覆盖层[公路] overnight funds Short-term funds borrowed to be returned by the following business day. 隔夜资金，日拆资金 在下一个工作日偿还的短期资金借贷。 overnight maturity 隔夜到期 overseas allowance 海外津贴 overshoot 超限度 overshooting 超限度 overstaffed 人员超编 oversubscription [capital markets] 超额认购[资本市场] oversupply 供给过多，供应过剩 over-the-counter market; curb market Market for securities not listed in any of the exchanges (about 80 percent of total securities in the U.S.). In the U.S. includes U.S. Government and agency issues, state and local government bonds, railroad bonds and shares, many public utility bonds and shares, and most corporation and bank shares. 场外交易市场 指对没有在任何证券交易所上市的证券（在美国 它们占证券总额的80%）进行交易的市场。在美 国，它们包括美国政府和机构发行的证券，州和 地方政府债券，铁路债券和股票，许多公用事业 债券和股票，以及大部分公司和银行的股票。 over-the-counter securities 场外交易证券 own, to E.g. the Government must own the program. 认承，视为己有 例如，政府必须认承该计划。 owner (of a project ); implementing agency;client* （项目）业主，执行部门，项目单位，客户 owners' equity 股东权益 见 stockholders' equity ownership (of a corporation) （股份公司的）所有权 ownership (of programs) （计划、规划）认承、视为己有 ownership structure (of a company) （公司的）所有制结构 own price elasticity; price elasticity The change in quantity (demanded or supplied) which results from a given change in price. 自身价格弹性，价格弹性 指价格上的一定变动所导致的数量（需求或供 应）变动。 ozone-depleting potential - ODP A measurement of the potential harm of the ozone layer of each chlorofluorocarbon, based on the life span of the CFC and the number of chlorine atoms it contains. 臭氧消耗潜能（简写为ODP） 衡量每个氟氯烃对臭氧层的潜在损害的一种尺 度，其基础是氟氯烃的生命期和它包含的氯原子 数量。 ozone-depleting substance - ODS Substance that contributes to destruction of the ozone layer. 臭氧消耗物质（简写为ODS） 破坏臭氧层的物质。 参见greenhouse gas: ozone depletion ozone depletion The destruction of ozone molecules in the ozone layer by chemical reaction with materials released from human activities, including chlorofluorocarbons and halons. 臭氧消耗 从人类活动中释放出来的物质（包括氟氯烃和卤 代烷哈龙）同臭氧层中的臭氧分子发生化学变 化，导致其破坏。 ozone hole A large area over Antarctica discovered to have a seasonal reduction of some 50% in stratospheric ozone as a result of the release of ozone-depleting substances. Subsequent discoveries suggest an ozone hole may be forming in the Northern Hemisphere. 臭氧洞 由于臭氧消耗物质的释放，南极洲上空大片区域 发现温层臭氧有季节性的减少50%。后来的发现 表明北半球可能在形成一个臭氧洞。 ozone layer An area of the stratospheric ozone about 12 to 30 miles in altitude where the intensity of short wavelength ultraviolet light from the sun is high enough to convert normal oxygen (02) to ozone (03). 臭氧层 指近12到30英里厚的同温层臭氧区域。在那里， 来自太阳的短波长紫外线的强度足以使氧气 （O2）转变成臭氧（O3）。 ozone sink Atmospheric zone where ozone reacts with nitric oxide to form nitrogen dioxide and oxygen. 臭氧沉井 大气层中的一个区域，在这里臭氧与氧化氮反 应，形成二氧化氮和氧气。

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S - safe drinking water 安全饮用水 见safe water Safe Motherhood Fund [IBRD/WHO] 母亲安全基金[国际复兴开发银行/世界卫生组 织] Safe Motherhood Initiative [IBRD/WHO] 母亲安全动议[国际复兴开发银行/世界卫生组 织] safe water; drinking water; safe drinking water Drinking water. The terms drinking water, safe water and safe drinking water are used interchangeably. 安全饮用水 饮用水。以上三个英文名词可相互替代使用。 safety net 安全网 salaries and wages 薪水和工资 saleability [securities] 可销售性[证券] saleable assets 可出售资产 sale from portfolio 有价证券的出售 sale of loan maturities 到期贷款出售 sales tax 营业税，销售税 salt lick; mineral lick 牲畜舐用矿盐 salt water intrusion Salt water entering fresh water, thereby destroying freshwater sources. 盐水侵入 指盐水流入淡水中，使淡水资源遭到破坏。 salvage value 残值 sample survey [statistics] 抽样调查[统计] sanitation 卫生 Saudi Arabian light (crude oil); light Arabian crude The world's most prolific crude oil, frequently used as a marker crude in establishing the prices of other crudes. 沙特阿拉伯轻油（原油）；阿拉伯轻质原油 世界上储藏量最广的轻原油，常常用作其它原油 定价时的基准原油。 savings and loan association 储蓄与贷款协会 scarcity value 稀缺价值 scatter chart, diagram; scattergram 分布图，散点图 scattered plotting 散点标绘 schedular tax; scheduled tax 收入分类税，居地税 schedule 时间表，一览表，程序表，清单 schedule contract 进度合同 schedule of rates contract A type of unit price contract, paid on the basis of a schedule of rates. It is similar to a bill of quantities contract but used where the quantity of work to be performed is difficult or impossible to estimate in advance, such as maintenance, drilling or dredging. 费率表计价合同 一种单位价格合同，按费率明细表付款。与工程 量合同相似，但在工作量难以或不可能事先估计 时使用，如维修、钻井或疏浚。 scheduled tax; schedular tax 收入分类税；居地税 school mapping 校区布局 scrap, to 废弃，报废 scrap value 残余价值 SDR currencies 特别提款权货币 Sea Island cotton; West Indian cotton; Egyptian cotton; kidney cotton 海岛棉；西印度群岛棉；埃及棉；肾型棉 seasonal credit 季节性信贷 seasonally adjusted 按季节调整的 seasonal movements 季节性运动 seasonal peak 季节性高峰 seasoned securities 稳妥的证券 second-best optimum If one of the conditions for Pareto optimality cannot be fulfilled, then the best attainable situation (the second-best optimum) can, in general, only be achieved by departing from all the other Paretian conditions. 次佳论 如果达到帕累托最佳状态的各种条件之一得不 到满足，那么，一般来说只有脱离帕累托所有其 他条件才可能达到的最好状态（次佳）。 second-best policy 次好政策 second generation special account - SGSA Special account set up for use by a specific implementation unit that cannot readily access the special account to meet eligible expenditures as they occur. 第二代专用帐户（简写为SGSA） 为特定执行单位设立的特别帐户，以便使该单位 在不能使用专用帐户前对已支出的合格费用进 行报销。 second lowest bidder 居第二位的最低报价者，次低报价投标者 seco nd tier bank 1. Bank used as secondary source for funds. 2. Smaller lenders, i.e. banks other than the main commercial banks. Used particularly in Latin America. 二级银行 1．作为二级资金来源的银行。 2．较小的贷款者，即除主要商业银行以外的银 行。特别用于拉丁美洲国家。 second tier country A classification proposed by OECD which covers those countries below the newly industrialized countries but above other developing countries. They are exporters of between $100 million and $2 billion worth of manufactured goods. Include Chile, Cyprus, Haiti, Indonesia, Jordan, Macau, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Morocco,, Peru, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tunisia and Uruguay. 二级国家 经经济合作与发展组织提出的一钟分类法，指低 于新兴工业化国家或地区但高于其他发展中国 家的那些经济体，即制成品出口在1亿到20亿美 元之间的国家。这些国家包括：智利、塞浦路斯、 海地、印度尼西亚、约旦、中国澳门、马来西亚、 马耳他、毛里求斯、摩洛哥、秘鲁、菲律宾、斯 里兰卡、泰国、突尼斯和乌拉圭。 secondary education 中等教育

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见lower secondary education; upper secondary education secondary energy; final energy 二次能源；最终能源 secondary market 二级市场 secondary market mortgage institution 二级市场抵押机构 secondary recovery 二次回收，二次开采 secondary reserves 次生储层，二次可采储量 secondary securities 次级证券 secondary transmission line; subtransmission line Transmission line in a subtransmission system, i.e. one which supplies distribution substations from bulk power sources, such as large transmission substations or generating stations. 二级输电线路；次级输电线路 一个二级输电系统中的输电线路，即从大容量电 源（如大型输变电站或发电站）给配电所供电的 输电线路。 secondment 借调 sector adjustment loan - SECAL; SAD A loan aiming at major policy improvements in a sector. 部门调整贷款（简写为SECAL; SAD） 旨在改进一个部门的主要政策的贷款。 sector GDP The contribution to GDP generated by a particular sector. 部门国内生产总值 一个具体部门产生的国内生产总值份额。 sector implementation review - SIR 部门执行情况检查（简写为SIR） sector investment and maintenance loan - SIM Loan aimed at investing in a particular sector maintaining the level of activity in that sector. 部门投资和维持贷款 指为向一个特定部门的投资提供的贷款，用以维 持该部门的一定水平的活动。 sector loan A loan geared towards a particular sector. 部门贷款 对某一特定部门的贷款。 secular trend Long-term average of a statistical series, usually understood to cover at least three or four generations. 长期趋势 一个统计系列的长期平均趋势，通常理解为跨越 至少三代至四代人口。 secure a loan, to 取得一笔贷款，担保一笔贷款 secured loan 抵押贷款 securities (custody) account 证券（保管）帐户 securities dealer; securities firm Firm acting as a principal rather than an agent in the securities market. 证券商，证券商行（公司） 证券市场中，作为自营商而不是代理商的商行。 securities market The primary and secondary market for negotiable equity (stocks) and long-term debt instruments (bonds). 证券市场 从事可流通的股本（股票）和长期债务工具（债 券）交易的初级和二级市场。 securitization 1. Issue of securities in exchange for debt. The Bank has used it to specifically refer to “the packaging and selling of a pool of creditor risks in the form of a security”. 2. The tendency on financial markets to make greater use of securities, i.e. firms issue securities rather than borrow directly from banks. 证券化 1．发行证券以交换债务。世界银行用来专指“以 一种证券的形式将债权人的一批风险组合起来 并予以出售”。 2．金融市场更多地利用证券筹资的趋势，即企 业通过发行证券而不是从银行直接借款来筹资。 security 1. document giving title to property or claim on income. 2. Income-yielding paper traded on the stock exchange or secondary market. 有价证券，抵押品，担保品 1．赋予财产所有权或对收入的求偿权的文书。 2．在证券交易所或二级市场上交易的能产生收 益的票据。 security agreement 担保协议 security lending Lending of securities which the IBRD owns (typically a U.S. Government obligation) against receipt of cash or similar securities as collateral in amounts equal to or higher than the market value of the security lent. 借出证券 国际复兴开发银行把自有证券（通常为美国政府 债券）作为抵押品出借，以换取现金或类似的证 券，其金额等于或略高于借出的证券的市场价 值。 security of tenure 使用期保障 security sharing agreement [IFC] * 抵押品或保险金等分享协议[国际金融公司] sedimentation ponds Pond where waste water is temporarily stored to allow the solids to settle out. 沉淀池 暂时贮存废水以沉淀其中固体物质的水池。 seed 种子 见breeder seed; certified seed; field seeds; foundation seed; registered seed seed capital; seed money 种子资本，原始资本；种子资金， seed farm 育种农场 seed garden 育种园 seed money; seed capital 种子资金 seed plant 种子作物 seedling 秧苗，树苗 seine fishing 围网捕鱼 seismic survey 地震勘查，地震调查 seizure [legal] Act or process of seizing property by virtue of a writ or other legal order to satisfy a judgment made by a court under the authority of a legal order. 没收，扣押，查封[法律] 在法律决议授权下，根据令状或其他法律命令查 封（或扣押）财产，以完成一项法院判决的行为 或过程。 selection felling, cutting Harvesting of only a small proportion of the standing crop.

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间伐，有选择地砍伐 对生长中的作物的一小部分进行收获。 Selective Capital Increase - SCI An increase in the Bank's capital which does not apply equally to all shareholders. The most recent one was in 1984. Though always referred to as Selective Capital Increase, the legal document calls it Special Capital Increase. 选择性增资（简写为SCI） 世界银行的一种不是对所有股东同等适用的增 资。最近的一次是在1984年。虽然通称为选择性 增资，但法律文件称之为特别增资。 self-adjustment 自动调整 self-care; self-treatment 自我护理；自我治疗 self-contained; free standing （设备）配套齐全的；独立的，自给自足的 self-determination 自决（权），自立决定 self-employed person 个体劳动者，自谋职业者 self-financing 自筹资金 self-financing-ratio - SFR The rate at which a project is financed from internal resources. 自筹资金比率（简写为SFR） 一个项目内部自筹资金所占的比重。 self-help 自助 self-help housing scheme 自助建房计划 self-insurance 自我保险 self-liquidating assets Assets that will pay for themselves over a period of time. 自偿资产 在一段时间内可自行偿还的资产。 self-liquidating project Credit reimbursed by the income from the operation for which it was lent. 自偿项目 用贷款业务的收入进行清偿的贷款。 self-reliance 自力更生 self-restraint 自我限制、节制；自我控制 self-sufficiency 自给自足 self-sustaining growth 自我维持的增长 self-sustaining state 自我维持状态 self-targeting (commodity) Basic foodstuffs that are mainly consumed by the poor. So-called because their target is obvious. 有特定对象的（商品） 指主要由穷人消费的基本食品。之所以如此命名 是由于其对象是显而易见的。 self-treatment; self-care 自我治疗；自我护理 self-weighting sample 自行加权样本 sell down The transfer of a credit from a bank within a syndicate to a bank outside the syndicate. 信贷转让 把银团内的一家银行的信贷转让给银团外的一 家银行。 seller's market 卖方市场 selling consortium, group, syndicate A group of bank or securities dealers involved in placing a security as sellers. （证券）销售集团，推销联营 参与证券销售的一组银行或证券经销商集团。 selling rate Price proposed (for a security). 卖价 （证券的）建议价格。 selling value 销售价值 semiannual coupon equivalent basis, on a [bonds] 以等值半年息票为基础的[债券] semiknocked down - SKD 部分拆装（简写为SKD） seminar see Board seminar 研讨会 seminar paper 研讨会文件，论文 semipermanent housing 半永久式住房 semipublic company 半国营公司，公私合营公司 semiskilled manpower 半熟练劳力 semiskilled worker 半熟练工人 senior debt, loan Debt for which claims on the assets of the borrower rank ahead of other debts in case of liquidation. 优先债务，优先贷款 清算时，资产求索权优先于其他债务的债务。 senior economist 高级经济学家 senior level staff 高级职员 senior management 高级管理当局 senior manager 高级经理，主任 Senior Policy Seminar [EDI] 高级政策研讨会[经济发展学院] Senior Policy Seminar on... [EDI] 关于……的高级政策研讨会[经济发展学院] sensitive product 敏感产品 sensitivity analysis A study of the impact that changes in costs and benefits would have on the profitability or present value of a project. 敏感性分析 对成本与效益的变化可能给一个项目的赢利或 现值带来的影响的研究。 separation [employment] 解雇，离职，分离[就业] septic tank 化粪池，腐化池 sequential cropping 连续种植 见double cropping serial bond, loan 1. Bond issues split into a series of maturities. 2. Special type of serial bonds where reimbursement is decided by drawing in lots (used in France). 分批到期分批偿还债券、贷款 1．到期日错开的债券。 2．以抽签方式决定偿还的特殊类型分期偿还债 券（曾在法国使用）。 service 偿付（债务），服务，劳务 见debt service; fee-for-services basis service; service line; supply line; connection [electricity] 辅线；供电线；连接线[电力] service a loan, to 对贷款还本付息 service and support fee [IFC] Fee paid by IFC to the World Bank for the services it receives from the Bank. 服务和支持费[国际金融公司] 国际金融公司付给世界银行的服务费。 service charge 服务费，手续费 service industry 服务行业 service line; service; supply line; connection [electricity] 辅线，供电线；连线[电力] service road 辅助道路 service station [livestock] 配种站[畜牧] serviceable [highways] 可用年限[公路] serviced area, lot, site Site having essential services. 具备主要服务的工地，现场 servicing [plots] 建立基本设施[场地] serving chairman 执行主席，现任主席 session [ICSID] （开庭）期，一届会议[解决投资争端国际中心] set aside agreement Agreement for payment receipts from a project to be designated for a specific purpose. 留置协议 把项目上收到的付款定做特殊用途的协议。 settlement (of a dispute) [ICSID] （争端的）解决[解决投资争端国际中心] settlement date The date on which payment for a transaction must be made. 结算、交割日 一笔交易必须付款的日期。 settlement of maintenance of value; maintenance of value settlement 保值结算 settling-in grant [IBRD] Grant provided to assist new staff members in meeting additional expenses (electrical appliances, furniture, car, etc.) associated with relocation to the Greater Washington Metropolitan Area. （迁入）安置费、安家费[国际复兴开发银行] （世界银行）为帮助新职员支付迁入华盛顿市区 的有关额外开支（电器、家具、汽车等）而提供 的赠款。 severance pay 解雇金，离职金 sewage disposal 污水处理 sewage (treatment) plant 污水处理厂（站） sewerage project 污水排放项目 shadow discount rate The opportunity cost of capital. 影子贴现率 资本的机会成本。 shadow exchange rate - SER; shadow pricing of the exchange rate The exchange rate that reflects the value of an additional unit of foreign exchange in terms of the domestic currency as used for domestic consumption. 影子汇率（简写为SER）；汇率影子价格确定 指用本国货币表示的增加的一个单位外汇用于 国内消费的汇率。 shadow price The value used in economic analysis for a cost or a benefit when the market price is felt to be a poor estimate of economic value. 影子价格 在感到市场价格不能正确反映经济价值时，在成 本或效益的经济分析中使用的价值。 shadow project Project that would provide substitute environmental services to compensate for the loss of the original assets. 影子项目 可以提供环境替代服务来补偿原有资产的损失 的项目。 shadow rate of interest Rate of interest used as the discount rate in project analysis. Include consumption rate of interest and accounting rate of interest. 影子利率 在项目分析中作为贴现率使用的利率，包括消费 利率和会计利率。 shadow wages A wage rate that is used for measuring the opportunity cost of labor in project analysis. Three components are used to establish it: forgone marginal product, changes in consumption and savings and changes in leisure. 影子工资 在项目分析中，用来衡量劳动力机会成本的工资 率。它是由三个部分来确定的：放弃的边际产品、 消费和储蓄的变化以及休闲时间的变化。 shakeout (of the market) 1. A moderate stock market or business recession, usually corrective of an inflationary condition. 2. Any movement in the market prices of securities that forces speculators to sell their holdings. （市场）轻度衰退；（市场）抛售 1．轻度的证券市场衰退，通常是对通货膨胀情 况的纠正。 2．由于证券市场价格的变动，迫使投机者出售 他们所持有的证券。 share 股，股票 亦见bonus share; common share; founder's share; membership shares; outstanding shares; publicly traded share; qualifying shares; registered share; stock share capital; registered capital Capital represented by shares of capital stock. 股份资本；注册资本 由股份所代表的资本。 share capital, to supply 提供股份资本 share premium account [IFC] Account of a corporation, in which IFC has a holding and in which the premiums obtained on new shares are deposited. 股票（发行）溢价帐户[国际金融公司] 一个公司的帐户，其中国际金融公司持有股份， 并存入从新股中获得的溢价。 share retention agreement [IFC] Agreement, under which a company agrees not to sell the stock of another company in which IFC has an interest, until the loan has been reimbursed. 保留股份协议[国际金融公司] 一家公司同意在一家国际金融公司拥有权益的 另一公司未偿付其贷款之前，不卖出该公司股票 的协议。

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share cropping 以谷物交租，交谷租种 shareholder's equity 股东股本 见stockholder's equity sharing clause Clause in loan agreement that states that if one participant fails to receive payment, the others will share receipts with the participant(s) not receiving payments. 共享条款 贷款协议中的条款，规定如果某一参与方未收到 付款，另一参与方将与未收到付款的参与方共享 收到的付款。 shell (of a building) （建筑物的）外壳 shell company Company which exists on paper but does not apparently trade or operate, possibly being used as a cover for illegal or unethical activities. 虚设的公司，皮包公司 指只存在于纸上而无实际交易或业务的公司，很 可能是被用来掩盖非法或不道德的活动的。 shifting cultivation 轮作，轮流易地耕作 shifting of tax Changing the tax burden so that someone other than the person or firm on whom the tax is levied pays all or part of it. 税负转嫁 把税负转嫁给纳税人或企业以外的其他人，由他 们支付全部或部分税款。 shift parameter Parameter leading to a movement to the left or right of a curve, e.g. a demand curve. 移位参数 引导一条曲线（如需求曲线）向左或向右移动的 参数。 shipping 水运，航运 shipping conference 班轮公会 见liner (shipping) conference shopping [procurement] A procurement method based on comparing price quotations obtained from several foreign or local suppliers, usually at least three, to ensure competitive prices. It requires no formal bidding documents and is an appropriate method for procuring readily available off-the-shelf goods or standard specification commodities that are small in value. 询价采购[采购] 在把几家外国和本国供应商（通常不少于三家） 提供的报价进行比较的基础上进行的采购，以保 证价格具有竞争性。这种方法不需要正式的招标 文件，适合于采购现货或小额标准规格商品。 shortfall 缺额，短缺 short form audit report A succinct report or letter prepared by an auditor following an audit. It is addressed to the management or directors. The short form is standard. 简短审计报告 审计师在完成一项审计后写给管理当局或董事 会的一个简要的报告或信函。是标准的简短格 式。参见long form audit report short list 短名单，经过筛选的名单 short season (crop) 生长期短的（作物） short staple cotton Cotton with fibers of 3/8 to 1 inches long. 短纤维棉花 纤维为3/8到1英寸长的棉花。 Short Term Economic Monitor [IBRD] 短期经济监测[国际复兴开发银行] showcase project Project designed for prestige, with high unit and/or recurrent costs. The Bank does not normally support such projects. 样板项目 为树立声望而设计的项目，有较高的单位成本和 （或）经常性费用。世界银行一般不支持这种项 目。 Siam cotton; tree cotton; Ceylon cotton; China cotton 暹逻棉；木棉；锡兰棉；中国棉 SIBOR [= Singapore Interbank Offered Rate] 新加坡银行往来利率[=新加坡银行间同业拆借 利率] side letter; supplemental letter 附信，补充信件 sight assets 即期财产 sight deposit Deposits held in banks and similar deposit-taking institutions which are transferable by check or withdrawable in cash without notice. 活期存款，短期存款 存在银行或类似储蓄机构的存款，可用支票进行 转移，或无须事先通知即可提取现款。 sight liabilities 即期债务 simplified sewerage A modified design of sewer so that the sewers are smaller, shallower and flatter, with fewer manholes, with no decline in performance but with cost savings of about 30 percent over the costs of conventional sewerage. 简易下水道 一种经修改设计的下水道，其污水管较细、较浅、 较平，检修口较少，但作用不减，且成本比常规 的下水道低30%。 single-crop economy 单一作物经济 single currency loans, [IBRD] IBRD program where selected borrowers are offered a choice of currencies on their loans as an alternative to the existing standard multicurrency loan product. The program offers United States dollars, yen, deutschmarks, French francs, and pounds sterling. Its interest rate will be tied to six-month LIBOR in each loan currency (PIBOR in the case of French francs). 单一币种贷款[国际复兴开发银行] 国际复兴开发银行对有选择的借款国提供贷款 货币选择的方案，作为现行的标准多种货币贷款 的一种替代办法。该方案提供美元、日元、德国 马克、法国法郎和英镑供选择。各贷款货币的利 率均与伦敦6个月同业拆借利率挂钩（法国法郎 则与巴黎银行同业拆借利率挂钩）。

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single-entry accounting A system of accounting in which only records of cash and of personal accounts are maintained. 单式会计 一种只对现金和个人帐户进行记载的会计制度。 single factorial terms of trade Terms of trade incorporating productivity changes in the exporting country. Provides a useful indicator of changes in the amount of real resources, in the form of capital and labor services, which a country must give up in order to purchase a given volume of imports. 单要素贸易条件 一个出口国包括生产率变化因素在内的贸易条 件。它是反映以资本和劳务为形式的实际资源数 量变化（即一个国家购买一定数量商品所必须放 弃的资源）的一个有效指标。 single fertilizer A fertilizer containing only one nutrient. 单一成份肥料 仅含有一种养料的肥料。 single parent family, household 单亲家庭 sink (e.g. of greenhouse gases) Receptacle, or receiving area, for materials translocated through a system (e.g. the oceans are the sink into which many water-borne pollutants are drained; the seed of a plant is the sink in which nutrients are stored). 沉井（如温室气体沉井） 对通过一个系统转移的物质进行存贮的容器或 接收场所（如海洋是许多水携带污染物的排放沉 井；植物的种子是养料贮存的沉井）。 sinking fund A fund created by a borrower for the purpose of redeeming bonds. The borrower is obliged to redeem specified amounts of the bond within specified periods. 偿债基金 借款人为赎回债券而建立的一种基金。借款人必 须在规定的时期内赎回规定数额的债券。 sinking fund factor The level deposit required each year to reach 1 by a given year. The reciprocal of the compounding factor for 1 per annum. Generally obtained from a set of compounding and discounting tables. This factor permits calculating the equal installment that must be set aside each year, to be invested at compound interest, in order to have a predetermined sum at a given time. It is primarily used to determine how much must be put into a fund in order to have recovered the amount of an investment at the end of its useful life. 偿债基金系数 要在某一既定年份达到“1”，每年所需存款的 水平。亦即“1”的每年复计系数的倒数。这一 系数一般可从一套复利和贴现表中查到，可用于 计算为了在某一既定时间取得预定的数额，每年 需要拨出作复利投资的等额资金。主要用来确定 为了在一项投资的使用寿命结束时收回投资额 所需要投入于一项基金的数额。 sister companies 姊妹公司 site 地点，厂址，工地，场所 site coverage 工地范围 site development 场地开发 site plan 场地平面图 sites and services The provision of land and basic public services, to enable housing projects to get off the ground. 场地与服务 提供土地和基本的公共服务，以使住房建设项目 得以启动。 sitting [ICSID] 开会，开庭，会期，庭期[解决国际投资争端中 心] sketch plan [architecture] 草图，初步计划[建筑] skidding 急剧下降，下滑 skilled manpower 熟练劳动力 skilled worker 熟练工人，技术工人 skills 专门技术，技能 skills development 技能发展 skills mix 技术组合 skill training center 技能培训中心 slack [economy] [noun] 发展缓慢[经济][名词] slash-and-burn cultivation Agricultural method involving slashing undergrowth at ground level and felling trees with axes at any convenient height. The area is then thoroughly burned and crops planted. 刀耕火种 一种农耕方法，其中包括砍去地面上的植物并在 任何信手可为的高度砍伐树木，然后将砍伐过的 区域彻底焚烧，用以种植作物。 slice [contracts] In contracts, an individual contract for which a contractor or a manufacturer may bid, rather than having to bid for the whole project. 单项投标[合同] 一种合同，其中承包商或制造商可以对单项合同 投标而不必对整个项目进行投标。 slice and package [procurement] Project where contractors and manufacturers may bid for an individual contract (slice) or group of similar contracts (package) rather than the whole project. 单项和整批投标[采购] 一种项目，承包商或制造商可对单项或一批相似 的合同进行投标，而不需对整个项目进行投标。 “slice and package” contract Contract allowing use of slice and package technique. “单项和整批”合同 允许使用“单项和整批投标”技术的合同。 sliding-scale clause 滑动条款，按情况变动条款 slippage; lag 滞后 slow onset emergency; quiet emergency Emergency which occurs over a period of time, such as a drought, and which rarely causes much destruction of physical assets. 缓慢出现的灾害 持续发生于一段时间的灾害（如干旱）。这种事 件很少对有形资产造成很大的破坏。 sluggish growth 缓慢增长 sluice price; sluice gate price; lock gate A theoretical cif price used in calculating European Communities supplementary levies on imports of pork, poultry and eggs. 闸口价格，最低进口价格 一种理论上的到岸价格，用以计算欧共体对进口 猪肉、家禽和蛋品的附加税

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slum 贫民区 slum clearance 拆除贫民区 slump 经济衰退 slumpflation Harsh economic conditions created by a combination of simultaneous recession and growing unemployment as well as rapid price inflation. 通货膨胀下的经济衰退 由于经济衰退和失业人数增加以及快速的通货 膨胀并发而造成的严峻的经济情况。 slum upgrading 贫民区改善 small and medium enterprises - SME; small- and medium-scale enterprises - SMSE 中小型企业（简称SME或SMSE） small and medium industries - SMI; small- and medium-scale industries - SMSI 中小型工业（简称SMI或SMSI） small-bore sewerage 小口径排污系统 见effluent sewerage smallholder 小土地所有者，小农 smallholding 拥有小量土地 small-scale enterprise - SSE 小型企业（简称SSE） small-scale industry - SSI 小型工业（简称SSI） small-scale irrigation 小型水利 smoothness ratio 平滑率 snatching effect The effect of creating incidental beneficiaries to a project as well as those intended. 兼得效应 一个项目除预期受益人以外，产生意外受益人的 效应。 social accounting matrix - SAM A system of accounts in which the various incomings of each and every account are represented by an ordered row and the corresponding outgoings by a similarly ordered column. They describe the financial flows that take place within and among various institutions and sectors of the economy, each of which is disaggregated according to local conditions and policy relevance. They integrate data on income distribution and production and are suitable vehicles for studying the impact of macroeconomic policy action on the level of living of different household groups. 社会会计矩阵（简写为SAM) 一种帐户系统，其中每个帐户的不同收入都以一 种有序的横栏表示，而相应的支出以类似的有序 竖栏表示。它们说明各种不同机构和经济部门之 间发生的资金流动，每一项都根据当地情况和有 关政策进行分解。它们综合了收入分配和生产的 数据，是研究宏观经济政策行为对不同居民群体 生活水平的影响的适当工具。 social accounts The systematized treatment of social indicators which represent quality of life conditions in a country, region or other geographical unit. 社会核算 对代表一个国家、地区或其它地理单位的生活条 件质量社会指标的系统化处理。 social advantages 社会优势，社会优越性 social benefit-cost ratio - SBC 社会的效益-成本比率（简写为SBC) social benefits 社会福利 social costs 社会成本，社会代价 social dimensions of adjustment - SDA 调整对社会的影响（简写为SDA) social discount rate; social rate of discount 社会折现率 social forestry Forestry used for community use as opposed to private sector forestry. 公有林、集体林 供社区使用的森林，区别于私有部门的森林。 social goods* 社会货物 social impact assessment - SIA A kind of ex ante evaluation of a project, where a sociologist examines a development project prepared by a group of other experts and is asked to make an assessment about whether or not it will have positive or adverse social repercussions. 社会影响评估（简写为SIA ） 对项目的一种事先评价，即聘请一位社会学家考 察一个由一批其他专家准备的发展项目，要求他 对该项目是否会产生积极的或不利的社会后果 做出评估。 social infrastructure; community facilities 社会基础设施；公共设施 social insurance 社会保险 social marketing program [population] A program of sales of goods with reduced prices for special groups. 社会销售方案[人口] 将货物折价售予特殊群体的方案。 social mobility* 社会流动性 social net present value - SNPV The net present value of a project after incremental income flows generated by the project have been weighted to reflect social income-distribution priorities. 社会净现值（简写为SNPV） 项目产生的增量收入流经过加权以后的净现值， 反映社会收入分配的优先顺序。 social opportunity cost The opportunity cost to society of diverting resources from marginal private sector projects to public sector ones. 社会机会成本 把资源从边际私人部门项目转向公共部门项目 的社会机会成本。 social overhead capital 社会间接资本 social overhead investment Investment in social facilities. 社会间接投资 对社会设施的投资。 social price The price that reflects the value to the country of inputs and outputs and takes into consideration “non-efficiency” but socially important goals such as reduction of consumption of alcohol, tobacco and fancy cars or expanded production of goods to meet basic needs, etc. 社会价格 这一价格反映收入和产出对国家的价值，其中考 虑到“无效益”但有重要社会意义的目标，如减 少酒类、烟草和高档小汽车的消费，或扩大对满 足基本需要的货物的生产等。 social pricing A method of economic analysis which takes into account savings and consumption. 社会定价，社会计价 一种考虑到储蓄和消费的经济分析方法。 social rate of discount; social discount rate 社会折现率 social rate of return - SRR The economic rate of return in social prices. Social prices are shadow prices which incorporate social factors such as scarcity of savings, income inequality and poverty. 社会收益率（简写为SRR） 以社会价格衡量的经济收益率。社会价格是影子 价格，其中包涵了储蓄的稀缺性、收入不均和贫 困等社会因素。 social security contributions* 社会保障缴款

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social returns [projects] 社会收益[项目] social safety net 社会安全网 social security benefits 社会保障福利 social security fund 社会保障基金 social security scheme 社会保障方案 social shadow wage rate - SSWR Shadow wage rate (= shadow price for labor, generally set by estimating the marginal value product of labor) in social prices. 社会影子工资率（简写为SSWR） 指以社会价格计算的影子工资（等于劳动力影子 价格，一般是通过对劳动力的边际价值产品的估 计来确定的）。 social time preference rate A rate, usually expressed in the form of a percentage, that expresses the preference of a society as a whole for present returns rather than future returns and that sometimes is proposed as a discount rate for project analysis. 社会时间偏好率 一个通常用百分数形式来表示的一个比率，表示 就社会整体而言，偏重于当前的收益而非未来的 收益，有时还被建议用作项目分析的折现率。 social wants 社会需要 social welfare 社会福利 social welfare function 社会福利功能 socialization of risks* 风险社会化 socioeconomic status - SES 社会经济状况（简写为SES） soft component [projects] （项目的）软成分 soft currency A currency with a falling exchange rate due to continuing balance of payments deficits. 软通货 由于国际收支持续赤字而汇率下跌的货币。 soft loan A loan with no rate of interest or a rate of interest below the cost of the capital being lent. 软贷款 一种没有利率或利率低于借出资本成本的贷款。 soft loan affiliate 软贷款附属机构 soft loan window 软贷款窗口 soft project A project of a social nature. 软项目 一种社会性项目。 soft technical assistance 软技术援助 见institution-related technical assistance software 软件 softwood forest 针叶树森林 soil conservation 水土保持 soil study, survey 土壤研究，土壤调查 sole cropping; monoculture Cultivation of a single crop as wheat or cotton to the exclusion of other possible uses of the land. 单一作物耕种法 种植一种单一作物（如小麦或棉花）而排除其他 可能的土地使用方式。 sole source procurement Procurement from a single vendor, without benefit of competitive bidding. 单一来源采购 从单一的供应商那里采购，没有竞争性招标的优 点。 solids-free sewerage 固体过滤排污系统 见effluent sewerage solid state technology 固态工艺，固态技术 sound loan 健全的贷款，好的贷款 sour gas discharge 酸性气体排放 source and use of funds statement 资金来源与运用 表 见statement of changes in financial position sources and application of funds statement 资金来 源与运用表 见statement of changes in financial position sourcing; outsourcing The process whereby an institution, corporation, etc. has an entire service carried out by an external company or purchases its entire needs in a specific area from an outside company. 外部采购 指一个机构或公司的整项服务由一个外部公司 承包，或从一家外部公司采购其在某个特定领域 的全部需求品。 Southern Cone 南部锥形地区 sovereign act doctrine Legal theory according to which the courts of one country should abstain from passing judgment about the legality of a sovereign act by a foreign state. 主权行为学说 法律理论，认为一个国家的法院应该避免对一个 外国主权行为的合法性作出判断。

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sovereign credit, loan A borrowing guaranteed by the state. 政府（主权）信贷、贷款 由政府担保的借款 sovereign creditor 政府（主权）贷款者 sovereign risk The risk of changes in a borrowing country's overall foreign exchange position, which might affect its ability to repay a loan. 借款国外汇风险 一个借款国总的外汇头寸发生变化的风险，这种 情况可能会影响它的偿贷能力。 sovereign risk loan Loan to a State or loan where the State takes the responsibility for the loan. 主权风险贷款 对一个国家的贷款，或由国家承担责任的贷款。 spate irrigation 漫灌 见flood irrigation Spearman's rank correlation coefficient A measure of the degree to which two variables are associated with each other, not necessarily in value but in rank. The coefficient will be between +1 (high association) and -1. 斯皮尔曼氏等级相关系数 用于衡量两个价值上未必相互关联但等级上相 互关联的变量的关联程度。该系数介于+1（高度 关联）和负1之间。 Special Assistance Facility* 特别援助贷款 special budget; extraordinary budget 特别预算；非常预算 Special commitment charge* 特别承诺费 Special Joint Financing Special financing made by several countries (Germany, Japan, Switzerland and the United Kingdom initially) in addition to contributions made directly to the Special Facility for Sub-Saharan Africa using arrangements negotiated directly between IDA and the contributors to be used in countries meeting the eligibility requirements of the Facility with repayment terms at least equivalent to IDA terms and with procurement open at least to those countries under the Facility. 特别联合融资 几个国家（最初为德国、日本、瑞士和英国）在 “对撒哈拉以南非洲地区的特别贷款”的直接捐 赠以外的提供的特别融资。该融资采用国际开发 协会和捐款国直接协商的安排，用于符合“特别 贷款”资格的国家，还款条件至少相当于国际开 发协会的条件，至少要在“特别贷款”项下的那 些国家进行公开采购。 special majority 特殊多数 special operational emphasis - SOE Concept introduced in FY88 which provided for attention to be focused on priority development objectives. Currently includes such areas as the environment, debt and adjustment, poverty reduction, food security and private sector development. 特殊业务重点（简写为SOE） 1988财政年度引入的概念，要求把重点放在优先 的发展目标上。目前这些领域包括环境、债务和 调整、减除贫困、粮食安全和私营部门发展。 Special Project Preparation Facility-SPPF* 特别项目准备贷款（简写为SPPF） Special Reserve [World Bank] A reserve set aside by the Bank to meet liabilities such as defaulting loans, liabilities on borrowings or guarantees, contractual payments of interest, other charges or amortization on the Bank's own borrowings or similar payments on loans guaranteed by the Bank. 特别储备[世界银行] 世界银行保留的一种储备金，用于债务（如拖欠 的贷款、借款或担保负债、契约性利息支付、世 界银行自身借款的其它费用或分期付款或世界 银行担保的贷款的类似付款）的支付。 specialized agency [UN] 专门机构[联合国] specific (customs) duty 从量关税 specific investment loan - SIL [IBRD] World Bank loan for a specific investment project. 特定投资贷款（简写为SIL）[国际复兴开发银行] 世界银行对一个特定投资项目的贷款。 specific performance 具体执行情况 spending ministry 开支部，消费部 spillover effect, impact; spinoff effect An effect that occurs when an economic unit not directly involved benefits from a transaction, project, etc. 外溢效应、影响；连带效应 与一笔交易或项目等没有直接关系的经济单位 从该交易或项目中受益时所产生的效应。 spillover exports Goods normally consumed by the domestic market but available for export because of low domestic demand. “溢出性”出口 通常为国内市场消费、但因国内需求小因而也可 供出口的货物。 spillway chute; tailrace 溢洪道，回水渠 spinning reserve [electricity] That reserve generating capacity connected to the bus and ready to take load. 运转备用，热备用，施工储备[电力] 与母线连接，随时准备承担电力负荷的备用发电 能力。 spinoff [financial market] The transfer by a corporation of a portion of its assets to a newly formed corporation in exchange for the latter's capital stock, which is thereupon distributed as a dividend to the stockholders of the first corporation. 让产易股，抽资脱离[金融市场] 一家公司把部分资产转移到一个新成立的公司 以换取后者的股本，并将其作为股利分配给第一 家公司股东的做法。 spinoff effect; spillover effect, impact An effect that occurs when an economic unit not directly involved benefits from a transaction, project, etc. 连带效应；外溢效应 与一笔交易或一个项目等没有直接关系的经济 单位从该笔交易或项目中受益时所产生的效应。 splicing Linking different series of data based on slightly different definitions into a single series. 拼接（数据系列） 把定义略有出入的不同数据系列连成一个系列。 split degree Higher education degree split between a local university and top-rated international university or other educational institution. 分授学位 一所本国大学和高级国际大学或其它教育机构 分别授予的高等教育学位。 sponsor 发起人，主办人，保证人 spontaneous lending 自愿贷款 见voluntary lending spot exchange rate The exchange rate prevailing under a spot contract, i.e. delivery in one or two business days or less. 即期汇率 使用于即期合同（在一、两个营业日或更短时间 内交割）的汇率。

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spot improvement, patching; road, surface patching; patching [highways] 小块修补，路面修补，零补[公路] spot market; cash market [foreign exchange] Foreign exchange market where currency is sold for immediate delivery. 现货市场，现金市场[外汇] 出售货币立即交割的外汇市场。 见futures market spot market [commodities] Market where goods are sold for cash, for immediate delivery. 现货市场[商品] 出售货物收取现金并立即交货的市场。 spot patching, improvement; road, surface patching; patching [highways] 小片补坑，路面修补，零补[公路] spot price The price of a commodity available for immediate sale and delivery, the commodity being referred to as a “spot” commodity. 现货价格 可立即出售和交货的现成商品的价格。这种商品 称为“现货”。 spot quotation 现货报价 spotted cotton Cotton that has been changed in color to a brown, écru or yellow cast by unfavorable weather, wet bolls, stems, leaves or rainstorms. The spots affect the grading. 斑污的棉花 由于不良的气候、潮湿的棉铃、茎、叶，以及暴 雨，致使颜色变成棕色、淡褐色或黄色的棉花。 这种污点影响棉花的评级。 spray irrigation Sprinkling water over land to be used for crops. Often used to dispose of wastewater from sewage treatment plants. 喷洒灌溉，喷灌 把水喷洒于准备种植作物的土地上。常常使用经 过污水厂处理过的废水。 spraying 喷雾 见knapsack spraying spread (e.g. between borrowing cost and lending rates) Difference between rate at which bank borrows money and rate at which it onlends funds to its customers. 利差（如借款成本与放款利率之间的差额） 银行借钱的利率与转贷给客户的资金的利率之 间的差额。 spread (between spot and forward quotations) （现货牌价与期货牌价之间的）利差 spread of spreads 利差之间的差额 spreadsheet 棋盘式计算表[会计] sprinkle irrigation A method of irrigation in which water (under adequate pressure) is sprinkled over the land through nozzle lines, perforated pipes or sprinklers. 喷灌 一种灌溉方法，使水（在适当压力下）通过喷管、 有孔管道或喷水器对土地进行喷洒灌溉。 squat, to 占有公有场地，违章占地 squatter 占有公有场地者，违章占地者 squatter area, settlement 违章建筑区，违章居住区 squeeze 紧缩 见credit squeeze Stabex (System for the stabilization of ACP and OCT mining products) [European Communities] 稳定非洲、加勒比及太平洋地区与海外国家和地 区的矿产品制度[欧洲共同体] stabilization fund 平准基金 stabilizers 稳定器 见built-in stabilizers staff 工作人员 staff, to 配备工作人员 staff appraisal report - SAR 工作人员评估报告（简写为SAR） staff assistant 工作人员助理 staff audit Check by Personnel on staff management functions, e.g. performance reviews to see that they are being carried out properly. 管理职能审计、评价 人事部门对员工管理职能的检查（例如业绩评 审），看其业务是否得到适当的执行。 staff department 人事部门 staff development 人员开发 staff house 工作人员住房 staff-month 工作人员-月 staff rule 员工条例 Staff Rules [IBRD] 《员工条例》[国际复兴开发银行] Staff Working Paper-SWP* （世界银行）工作人员工作文件（简写为SWP）

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staffing 人员配备 staffing ratio 人员配备比率 staffyear equivalent - SYE 工作人员年等量（简写为SYE） stagflation 滞胀 stagnation (of the economy) （经济）停滞 stakeholders 利益持有者，利益相关者 stall feeding 圈养 stand [forest] 一片林木[林业] stand-alone project 独立的项目 standard charge section The basis of the Bank's budgetary system, it comprises five basic attributes of all administrative expenditures (managing unit, source of funds, expense category (type of goods or services), task category (Bank function) and product. All administrative commitments and expenditures are related to the standard charge section. 标准费用项 世界银行预算制度的基础，包括所有行政开支的 五项基本属性：管理单位、资金来源、开支类别 （货物或劳务的类型）、任务类别（世行职能） 和产出。所有行政承诺和开支都与标准费用项有 关。 standard conversion factor - SCF A number, usually less than 1 that can be multiplied by the domestic market price, opportunity cost, or value in use of a nontraded item to convert it to an equivalent border price that reflects the effect of trade distortions on domestic prices of that good or service. A standard conversion factor is the reciprocal of 1 plus the foreign exchange premium stated in decimal form. 标准换算系数（简写为SCF） 通常为一个小于“1”的数字，可以通过与国内 市场价格、机会成本或非贸易项目的值相乘，换 算成一个边境价格的等量值。该价格反映了贸易 扭曲对该商品或劳务的国内价格的影响。一个标 准换算系数是“1”加上以小数表示的外汇溢价 的倒数。 standard cost accounting A method of accounting whereby standard costs (i.e. forecast costs under projected conditions) are the basis for credits to work-in-process accounts 标准成本会计 指一种以标准成本（即预期条件下的预计成本） 作为在制品帐户贷方记录基础的会计方法。 standard deduction [taxation] 标准扣除额[税收] standard deviation A commonly used measure of the degree to which a variable is dispersed around its mean value. 标差 一个常用的度量标准，用以衡量一个变量的分布 位置与其均值的偏离程度。 Standard International Trade Classification - SITC 国际贸易标准分类（简写为SITC） standard of living 生活标准，生活水平 standard rate (of interest) 标准利率 standard recovery Recovery of currency used in lending operations subject to maintenance of value. Recovery takes place on the first recall date of the Bank's fiscal year following the ninth anniversary of the disbursement of the currency by the Bank and every ten years thereafter。 标准回收 为保值目的而进行的贷款业务货币回收。回收在 世界银行货币支付满9周年以后的财政年度的第 一个回收日进行，此后每10 年进行一次。 standard values [trade] 标准值[贸易] standardized occupational streams 标准化职业类别 standby agreement [IFC] 备用协定[国际金融公司] standby amount of guarantee The amount of guarantee provided under standby coverage. 备用担保额 指在备用承保额项下提供的担保额度。 参见maximum amount of guarantee standby arrangement [IMF] 备用安排，备用信贷协定[国际货币基金组织] standby commitment [IFC] 备用承付款项[国际金融公司] standby coverage [MIGA] An option to obtain coverage for additional contributions to the investment project. Under MIGA rules, this standby coverage may not exceed fifty percent of the initial amount of the guarantee and shall in no case exceed one hundred percent. 备用承保额[多边投资担保机构] 为投资项目增加的投资额取得承保的一种选择。 根据多边投资担保机构的规定，这种备用承保的 承保额不应超过首次承保额的50%，并在任何情 况下不得超过100%。