各专业词汇大全

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standby equity [investment] In investment an agreement that is conditional on stock purchase. 备购股本[投资] 在投资中以购买股票为条件的协议。 standby loan Loan which is not part of the current schedule but which can be presented to the Board if other projects slip. 备用贷款 没有列在目前计划表内，但在别的项目落选的情 况下，可以报送执董会审批的贷款。 standby (lending) program [IBRD] Lending operations that are under preparation and are likely to be ready for the fiscal year following the fiscal year in question but may be ready sooner and which could substitute for projects in the fiscal year in question. 备用（贷款）计划[国际复兴开发银行] 指目前正在准备中并有可能在本财年后的财年 准备好的贷款项目。这种项目也可能提前准备 好，并有可能取代本财年中的一些项目。 standby premium [MIGA] Additional premium charged for standby coverage. 后备保险费[多边投资担保机构] 对备用承保额另外收取的保险费。 standby underwriting commitment [IFC] 候补包销承诺[国际金融公司] standing， financial standing 资信状况，资信等级 见creditworthiness standing instructions, orders 长期有效的规定 standpipe; standpost; hydrant 立式取水管；直立水管 standstill In GATT, means no new trade restrictions inconsistent with GATT, no new trade restrictions which go further than necessary to remedy specific situations provided for in GATT and no trade measures taken to improve negotiating positions. 维持现状 关贸总协定用语，意为不采取与关贸总协定不一 致的新的贸易限制，不采取超过关贸总协定中规 定的补救特定情况所必需的新的贸易限制，不采 取旨在改善谈判地位的贸易措施。 standstill agreement 维持现状协议，冻结协定 staple (food) 主食（食物） staple (food crop) 主食作物（粮食作物） staple (good) 大宗（货物） starchy root crop 淀粉质根茎作物 start-up cost 开办费，启动费 state of the art [noun] * 工艺水平[名词] state eligible to sign (the Convention) [ICSID] 有资格签署（公约）的国家[解决投资争端国际 中心] statement （财务）报表，清单，声明，报告 statement of account 帐目表，帐目清单 statement of changes in financial position; sources and application of funds statement; funds statement; working capital statement; source and use of funds statement; funds flow statement; changes in working capital statement; statement of sources and applications of funds; statement of cash flows [World Bank] A statement used in conventional accounting which summarizes the financing and investing activities of an entity, including the extent to which the enterprise has generated funds from operations during the period and for completing the disclosure of changes in financial position during the period. The first English term is the one recommended by the U.S. Accounting Principles Board (APB) since 1971; the second and last terms are the ones found most frequently in the World Bank and IFC; and the third is the most common one used in the U.S. prior to the APB recommendation. The other terms are also found. 财务状况变动表；资金来源和运用表；资金报告； 流动资金表；资金来源和用途表；资金流动表； 流动资金变动表；资金来源和运用表；现金流量 表[世界银行] 传统会计中使用的报表。它总结了一个实体的筹 资和投资活动，包括在报告期内该企业从其业务 活动中产生资金的数量，并对报告期内财务状况 变动进行披露。第一个英文词条是美国会计准则 委员会（APB ）1971 年以来推荐使用的；第二 个和最后一个词条是世界银行和国际金融公司 频繁使用的；第三个词条是美国在APB推荐之前 最常用的。其它的词条也见使用。 statement of condition [IDA] A statement of IDA's financial situation. 财务状况报告[国际开发协会] 指国际开发协会的财务状况报告。 statement of expenditure - SOE 开支报告（简写为SOE） statement of sources and applications of funds 资金来源与运用表 见statement of changes in financial position state-owned enterprise - SOE 国有企业（简写为SOE） state-trading countries 国营贸易国家 static efficiency The efficiency with which current outputs are produced. 静态效率 指目前的产品生产效率。 Static Life Index [commodities] Index in years of reserves of a commodity assuming no growth in rate of production. 静态寿命指数[商品] 在假定生产率无增长的情况下，一种商品储量的 储存年数。 static welfare analysis* 静态福利分析 status 状况 status report; progress report 状况报告；进展报告 statutory body 法定实体，法定团体 statutory ceiling 法定最高限额，法定上限 statutory lending limit - SLL The maximum amount of total outstanding guarantees, participations in loans and direct loans, equal to one hundred percent of the unimpaired subscribed capital, reserves and surplus of the Bank. 法定贷款限额（简写为SLL） 指总担保余额、贷款参与和直接贷款的最大限 额。相当于世界银行未减损的认缴资本、储备金 和盈余的百分之百。

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stay of enforcement [ICSID] 停止执行[解决投资争端国际中心] steady state lending Lending position whereby the total amount disbursed and outstanding equals the sum of the annual amounts disbursed and outstanding. 恒稳状态贷款 指已支付和未偿还的贷款余额与每年发放的已 支付未偿还贷余额相等的情况。 steady state operations* 恒稳状态运行 steam coal Coal intermediate in rank between bituminous coal and anthracite. Typical steam coals have a carbon/hydrogen ratio of about 20% (more = anthracite less = bituminous coals). Some steam coals are used for smelting and coke making while others are specifically suitable for steam generation. 锅炉用煤，蒸汽煤 这种煤的等级介于烟煤与无烟煤之间。典型锅炉 用煤的碳/氢比率约为20%（高于20%的为烟煤， 低于20%的为无烟煤）。某些锅炉用煤适合熔炼 和炼焦，其余的则特别适合蒸汽发电。 steam plant 蒸汽厂 steelmaking 炼钢 见open-hearth steelmaking steepness (of a curve) （曲线的）倾斜度 stemming-from benefit A form of indirect benefit that accrues to purchasers of project outputs that are themselves intermediate products. The direct and indirect value added generated in forward-linked industries. For example, cotton that is produced by an agricultural project and that would be used in existing cotton gins having unused production capacity might allow those gins to create additional value added that would not exist without the project. Stemming-from benefits sometimes are calculated using specialized input- output multipliers. Would not normally exist where project outputs are traded, since the same stemming-from benefits could be had by increasing imports of the intermediate product or by diverting exports to local use. 衍生利益，衍生收益 通过购买本身是中间产品的项目产品而使买方 获得的一种间接形式的收益。这种直接的或间接 的增加值是由前向联系的行业产生的。例如，如 果将一个农业项目所生产的棉花用于有剩余生 产能力的轧花厂，那么就可使这些轧花厂产生在 没有该项目的条件下不可能产生的额外的增加 值。衍生效益有时使用专门的投入/产出乘数来计 算。由于通过增加中间产品的进口或把出口产品 转用于国内也可以得到同样的衍生利益，因此在 项目产品进行贸易的情况下，（买方）衍生利益 一般不存在。 step-down power station Power station where the outgoing power from the transformers is at a lower voltage than the incoming power. 降压变电站 从变压器输出的电压低于输入电压的电站。 step-down, step-up interest rates Interest rates which are below market rates in the early period of the loan and above market rate in the latter part of the loan. 先低后高利率 指一种贷款利率，在贷款初期低于市场利率，而 在贷款后期则高于市场利率。 stepped tariff structure 分级关税结构，阶梯式费率结构 step-up power station 升压变电站 stock accounting; stores accounting 存货会计 stock carrying capacity [livestock] 牲畜喂养能力，载畜能力[畜牧] stock corporation 股份公司 stock dilution, watering; dilution The lessening of an ownership share's earnings and assets equity, caused by the issue of more ownership shares without corresponding increases in earnings and assets. 股份搀水 指增发股票而在收益和资产方面没有相应的增 加，从而导致的股票收益和资产股本的减少。

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stock dividend 股息，股票红利 stock exchange transaction 股票交易所交易，证券交易所交易 stock option 股票购买选择权，股票购买权 stock ownership 股权 stock rights [IFC] 认股权，认股优惠权[国际金融公司] stock watering 股份搀水 见stock lilution stock watering [livestock] 牲畜饮水[畜牧] stockholders' equity; shareholders' equity; owners' equity; equity; net worth The value of assets less liabilities of a corporation. All the terms given here are generally synonymous, but accountants tend to give different slants to these terms in certain circumstances, so they may, on occasion, have slightly different meanings. 股东权益（产权）；产权；股本；净值 一个股份公司的资产减去负债后的价值。这里所 例举的所有词条一般都是同义词，但会计人员在 特定的情况下对这些词条含义有不同的侧重，因 此它们在不同的场合下含义略有不同。 stocking rate [livestock] The relative number of livestock per unit area for a specific time. 牲畜存有率[牲畜] 在特定时间每一单位区域内牲畜的相对数量。 stockpiling 大量储存，积压 stop and go growth 时停时续的增长，停停长长 stopgap measure 终止措施 stop-go, stop and go policy Action on the part of the government to curtail aggregate demand due to, for example, a balance of payments deficit, soon followed by action with the opposite effect to ameliorate the rise in unemployment caused by the first action. 时停时进的政策，时紧时松的政策 指政府为制止由诸如国际收支逆差引起的总需 求而采取行动后不久，又为缓和前一行动引起的 失业上升而采取效果相反的行动。 storage dam 蓄水坝 store-of-value One of the functions of money in that it stores wealth or value. An individual can sell a good or a service and store the money until he needs something and can then use the money to purchase what he needs. 价值储存功能 是货币的基本功能之一，即储存财富或价值。一 个人可以出售一项货物或劳务并把货币贮存起 来，到需要某种东西的时候即可以用这些货币来 购买。 stores accounting; stock accounting 存货会计 storm water drainage system 洪峰排水系统 straight bond Bond with unquestioned right to repayment of principal at a specified future date, unquestioned right to fixed interest payments on stated dates, and no right to any additional interest, principal, or conversion privilege.

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直接债券 对在将来某一特定日期得到本金偿还并在规定 的日期得到固定利息支付具有无可置疑的权利 的债券。但该种债券无权得到任何额外的利息、 本金和转换方面的特权。 straight-line depreciation; depreciation on a straight line Assignment of the service cost of any item to the benefits to be yielded by the item. In practice, a period charge for depreciation is usually substituted for a more exact measurement of benefits yielded. 直线折旧法 把一项产品的服务成本在该产品将来的产出收 益上进行分摊。在实践中，往往以定期提取的折 旧费来代替更为精确地衡量出来的产出收益。 strategic investors Major investors who have a significant equity investment in a company and, by virtue of their specialized knowledge, play an active role in the management of the company. 战略投资家 指在一个公司里有相当大的股份投资，并靠其专 业知识在公司管理中发挥积极作用的主要投资 人。 stratospheric ozone 同温层臭氧 stream, to go on 投产（生产） streamed school 按智力分班的学校 streamlined project procedure A procedure adopted by IFC for more rapid review of investment projects. Projects must be for less than $25 million in loans or $10 million in equity, have no novel features and must be to countries in which IFC has invested in the last five years. 简化的项目审批程序[国际金融公司] 指国际金融公司为更快地审查投资项目而采用 的一种程序。这种程序所适用的贷款项目的条件 是，贷款额必须低于2500万美元或股本投资低于 1000万美元，没有新特点，而且必须用于国际金 融公司最近5年内进行过投资的国家。 streamlining 合理化，精简 streams of costs and benefits 成本和收益量 strength charge Charge levied for water pollution, based on concentration of pollutants in the water, rather than on volume of wastewater discharged. 按（废水排 放）强度收费 按水中污染物的浓度而不是按污水排放量进行 的水污染收费。 参见volumetric charge stretching mechanism* 弹性机制 strip check irrigation 条灌 见border check irrigation strip cropping 条播法 见alley cropping strip irrigation 条灌 见border check irrigation strip mining; open pit, open cast, open cut mining 露天采矿 strip of maturities A time portion of each of the maturities of a multi-maturity loan. 到期日分期，按到期日划分 按到期日分期的一项多种到期日贷款。 strip participation Participation in each of the maturities of a multimaturity loan. 逐期参与 在一项多种到期日贷款中，对每一个到期日进行 参与。 strip planting 条栽法 stripping 流失 见asset stripping stripping ratio [mining] Unit amount of spoil or waste that must be removed to gain access to a similar unit amount of ore or mineral material. 剥离比率[矿业] 为取得相同单位的矿石或矿物量而必须剥离的 沙土或废料的单位量。 strong currency; hard currency 硬通货 Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF) within the Special Disbursement Account [IMF] Facility created by the International Monetary Fund in March 1986 to provide balance of payments assistance on concessional terms to low income developing countries. The resources will consist of assets received in the Special Disbursement Account as a result of the termination of the Trust Fund. 特别支付帐户内的结构调整贷款（简写为SAF） [国际货币基金组织] 指国际货币基金组织1986年3月设立的一种贷款 形式，旨在以优惠条件对低收入发展中国家提供 国际收支援助。由于信托基金的终止，该贷款的 资金来源将由特别支付帐户收到的资产构成。 structural adjustment lending - SAL 结构调整贷款（简写为SAL） structural unemployment 结构性失业 structural work 结构工程 structured financing Financing using structured securities. 结构性融资 用结构证券进行融资。 structured security Security that is a combination of derivatives and standard cash securities, with its reimbursement and risk terms structured according to the client’s needs. 结构证券 指由衍生和标准现金证券相结合的证券，其偿还 和风险条件按客户的需要进行安排。 stubble mulch farming 茬地覆盖耕作法 student flow 学生流量 student placement 学生编班 student-teacher ratio - STR; pupil-teacher ratio - PTR; teacher-pupil ratio 师生比率[简写为STR，PTR] stumpage fee 立木采伐费 stumpage price 立木价格 stunting; nutritional dwarfing Being smaller than the standard height based on a height-for-age formula, as developed by WHO. Below minus two standard deviations from median weight for height for age of reference population. 生长不良；营养缺乏性身材矮小 指身材低于世界卫生组织制定的年龄/身高公式 中的标准身高。即年龄/身高与参照人口的中间值 相比低两个标准离差以上。

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stylized fact A generalization about economic trends extrapolated from data or an individual or group of individual countries. 引伸性事实 从个别国家或一组单个国家的数据中归纳出来 的一般经济趋势。 subborrower A smaller loan which is a part of a larger loan, often one provided for onlending. 分贷借款人 一笔大贷款中的一小部分贷款，常常用于转贷。 subcontract 分包合同，分转承包 subcontractor 分包商 subgrade [highways] 路基[公路] subirrigation; subsoil irrigation 地下灌溉；潜灌 subject matter [education] 专业题材[教育] subject matter specialist - SMS [agricultural extension] 专题专家（简写为SMS）[农业**] subloan A loan that has been onlent. 分贷款，转贷款 被转贷的贷款。 submerged bridge 水下桥梁，潜水桥 submerged economy 隐蔽经济 见parallel economy subordinated debt 次要债务 见junior debt subordinated loan A loan where repayment is made subject to other conditions being met, normally repayment of other loans which are deemed to be “senior” (often because they are secured). 非优先偿还贷款，次级贷款，后偿贷款 指须在其他条件满足后才能得到偿还的贷款，一 般是指被视为“优先”的其他贷款（这种贷款一 般已被担保）得到偿还以后。 subordinate lender Lender holding a subordinated loan. 非优先偿还贷款放款人 进行非优先偿还贷款的贷款人。 subordination fee A fee IFC receives because its debt is subordinated to other debts. 非优先偿还债务费用[国际金融公司] 国际金融公司由于其债务在偿还方面次于其他 债务而收取的费用。 subproject 分项目，子项目 subscriber trunk dialing - STD 用户中继线拨号（简写为STD） subsidiarity Principle according to which the higher levels of government should be as limited as possible and should be subsidiary to those of lower levels. 辅助作用 一种认为政府的高层机构应越小越好，并应对较 下级机构起辅助作用的原则。 subsidiary account An account maintained in a separate record and controlled by an account in the general ledger. 辅助帐户 一个单独记录并由总帐中的某个帐户控制的帐 户。 Subsidiary Agreement [IBRD] 辅助协议[国际复兴开发银行] subsidiary loan 辅助贷款 subsistence allowance 生活津贴 subsistence economy 仅能维持基本生存的经济，自给经济 subsistence farming 自给农业，生计农业，仅能维持基本生计的农业 subsoil irigation; subirrigation 地下灌溉，潜灌 substantive law The major part of any legal system, concerned with the legal rights attributed to and legal duties imposed on particular legal persons in particular circumstances. Includes both primary or antecedent rights. 实体法 指任何法律制度的主体部分，侧重于对特定法人 在特定的情况下被赋予的法律权利和被施加的 法律责任。包括主要的或先行的权利。 substitution effect The effect on the demand for a good of a change in price of that good assuming real income is held constant. 替代效应 在假定实际收入保持不变的情况下，某一货物的 价格变动对该货物的需求产生的效应。 subtractability How much one user’s consumption of a good or service subtracts from the ability of others to consume the good or service. 减少量 指一个使用者对某一货物或劳务的消费导致其 他人对该货物或劳务的消费的能力减少的量。 subtransmission line; secondary transmission line Transmission line in a subtransmission system, i.e. one which supplies distribution substations from bulk power sources, such as large transmission substations or generating stations. 辅助输电线路，次级输电线路 辅助输电系统中的输电线路。即从大容量电源 （如大变电站或发电厂）向配电站输送电力的输 电线路。

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subunderwriter [IFC] 分包销商[国际金融公司] success fee Fee paid that is proportional to amount of funds obtained. 成功费 按获得的资金数额的一定比例支付的费用。 successful bidder （投标）得标人 summary account 汇总帐户 summary of project information 项目信息摘要 Summary Proceedings 简易（诉讼）程序，即决裁判 summary statement 汇总表，总表 sundry assets 杂项资产 sundry cash accounts 杂项现金帐户 sundry liabilities 杂项负债 sunk cost A cost incurred in the past that cannot be retrieved as a residual value from an earlier investment. 旁置成本，隐没成本 指一项过去已发生，但不能作为以前投资的残值 收回的成本。 sunset clause 自动取消条款 superannuation 退休（金），退职（金） superintendency (of banks) （对银行的）监管、督察 supervision mission 监督团 supervisory grades 管理人员级别 supervisory staff 监督人员 supplemental letter; side letter （贷款协议）补充信函 Supplemental Reserve against Losses on Loans and from Currency Devaluations (Supplemental Reserve) A reserve established by the Bank in 1950, into which the Bank maintained a policy of automatically allocating all of its net income until FY64. It was renamed General Reserve in FY76. 防备贷款和货币贬值造成损失的补充储备（补充 储备） 是世界银行1950年建立的一项储备金。为此，世 界银行从1964财年以来一直保持着一项政策，即 把它的净收入自动地分配进这项储备。在1976财 年，它被重新命名为“一般储备”。 supplementary contributions [IDA] 补充捐款[国际开发协会] supplier industry 供应行业 supplier credit; supplier's credit Export finance made available to the supplier of the goods (as distinct from credits to the overseas buyer under buyer's credits)). 卖方信贷，供应商信贷 对货物供应商提供的出口信贷（不同于对国外买 方提供的买方信贷）。 supply curve A graphical representation of the relationship between the supply of a commodity and its price (usually with price on the vertical axis and quantity supplied measured along the horizontal axis). The positive relationship between these two variables is reflected by the fact that the supply curve slopes upwards from left to right. 供应曲线 表示某一商品的供应和其价格之间关系的图（通 常竖轴代表价格，横轴代表供应量）。这两个变 量的关系为正数时，供应曲线自左向右向上倾 斜。 supply line; service; service line; connection [electricity] 供电线；辅线；接电线[电力] supply management 供应管理 supply-push factors Factors that encourage migrants to leave their own country. 供应推动因素 如鼓励移民离开自己国家的一些因素。 supply side economics Economic policies and actions that will have long-term benefits even though they may be contractionary in the short-term. Supports the theory that money injected anywhere into the financial system expands the entire economy. 供应派经济学 认为经济政策和行为虽然在短期内可能会起紧 缩作用，但也会有长期的效益。它支持这样一种 理论，即无论在何处投进金融体制的钱都会给整 个经济带来增长。 supply side politics Political point of view favoring supply side economics. 供应学派政治 支持供应学派经济学的政治观点。 supply system; delivery system 供应系统；交货系统 support department [IBRD] 辅助局[国际复兴开发银行] support price 支持价格；维持价格 surface course; wearing course [highways] 路面表层；磨损层[公路] surface dressing [highways] 路面修整[公路] surface irrigation 地面灌溉 surface, road patching; spot improvement, patching; patching [highways] 路面修补；零补[公路] surfacing [highways] 铺设路面[公路] surplus country 顺差国家 surplus dividend Dividend paid over and above statutorily required dividend. 超额股利 指超过规定股利之上的股利。 surplus on invisibles 无形资产收入盈余 surrogate market Similar markets to the target market that can be used for study purposes. For example, in assessing environmental damage, the property value of the target and similar, surrogate markets can be assessed to determine how much property values have been reduced as a result of environmental degradation. 代用市场 可作研究目的之用的市场与目标市场相类似。例 如，在估价环境损害中，可以对目标市场和与其 类似的代用市场的财产价值进行估计，以确定由 于环境受到破坏而使财产价值减少的程度。 survey 考察，调查 survey mission 考察团 survey of resources 资源考察 survival rate [education] The percentage of pupils enrolled in the first grade who reach subsequent grades. 升级率[教育] 在上一年级注册的学生升入下一年级的百分比。 suspended matter 悬浮物质 suspended particulate matter - SPM Particulate matter suspended in a fluid. 悬浮颗粒物质（简写为SPM） 悬浮在液体中的颗粒物质。 suspense account A temporary account for funds which have not yet been identified. 暂记帐户 记录尚未认定的资金的临时帐户。 sustainability 可持续性 sustainable development Economic growth conducted in an environment- ally responsible manner. 可持续发展 用对环境负责的方式取得的经济增长。 sustainable forestry Forestry which aims at replacing trees that have been cut down. 可持续林业 采伐后及时更新的林业。 sustainable level of lending - SLL 可持续的贷款水平（简称SLL） sustainable net national product - SNNP A measure of a country's economic performance, it differs from GNP and GDP in that investments to maintain the integrity of the environment are excluded from the computation as is income generated from harvesting a resource stock over and beyond its capacity to be replenished. It therefore differs from GNP in that it can be used to demonstrate to policymakers the monetary value (loss) associated with policies that allow unsustainable use of a country's resources. 可持续的国民生产净值（简写为SNNP） 是衡量一个国家经济业绩的标准。与国民生产总 值和国内生产总值的不同之处在于，它在计算中 扣除了用于保持环境完整性的投资和从过度地、 超过其再生能力地使用资源中获取的收入。因 此，与国民生产总值不同，它可以用来向决策者 显示，由于允许采取不可持续性地使用一国资源 的政策所带来的有关以货币计值的损失。

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sustained growth 持续增长 swap A spot purchase of foreign exchange (currency swaps), fixed or floating rate funds (interest rate swaps) or assets (asset swaps) with simultaneous forward sale or vice versa. Pase financiero is an Argentinian system, related to the swap system, whereby persons or institutions making capital investments are given an “exchange guarantee,” which guarantees that the funds can be reexchanged at a predetermined exchange rate on a specific date. swap；debt-for-health swaps； Global Swap Authority； interest （rate）swap] 掉期，置换 即购买即期外汇（货币掉期）、固定或浮动利率 基金（利率掉期）或资产（资产掉期），同时在 远期市场作期货销售，或者作相反的交易。Pase financiero是阿根庭与置换有关的一种制度，在个 人或机构作资本投资时可以得到一项“外汇担 保”，使该项投资资金可以按预先确定的汇率在 某一特定的日期重新换回外汇。 亦见currrency swap；debt-equity swap； debt-for-health swaps； Global Swap Authority； interest （rate）swap swap, to [finance] To carry out a swap transaction. 置换，掉期[金融] 进行掉期交易。 swap market 掉期、置换市场 亦见currency swap; interest (rate) swap sweat equity A share or interest in a building obtained as a result of contributing labor to its construction and/or maintenance. 血汗产权 由于对建筑物的施工和（或）维修作出贡献了劳 力，因而对该建筑物拥有的股份或权益。 swing fuel* 替代燃料 swing producer In oil production, a country that varies its production to ensure that a previously agreed cartel price remains fixed. In practice, OPEC uses Saudi Arabia as the swing producer to keep a certain fixed price. 摆动生产国 指在石油生产中，石油生产国通过调整产量来保 持以前达成的卡特尔价格不变。在实践中，石油 输出国组织用沙特阿拉伯作为摆动生产国来保 持某一固定的价格。 swing space Temporary space used to provide office space for staff whose current offices are being remodeled or demolished but for whom new office space is not yet available. 临时办公室 在原办公室进行改造或拆除而新的办公室尚未 就绪前，供工作人员办公的临时空间。 switching equipment [telephone] 交换台设备[电话] switching policies 政策转变 switching value [sensitivity analysis] The value that reverses the ranking of two alternative projects. For example, Farm A will produce beef with high technology equipment and few workers, while Farm B will consist of a low-technology operation employing many farm workers. Up to a weight of 1.5 on income going to the poor, Farm A has a higher rate of return. However, if a weight greater than 1.5 is given, Farm B will have a higher rate of return. The switching value, therefore, is 1.5. 转换值[敏感性分析] 指能逆转两个可以相互替代的项目的排列次序 的值。例如，A农场用高技术设备和少数农业工 人生产牛肉，而B农场用较低的操作技术并雇用 许多农业工人。对分配给穷人的收入用一个低于 1.5的值进行加权，A农场将有较高的收益率。但 是如果用一个大于1.5的数值进行加权，B农场将 有较高的收益率。因此，1.5为这种情况下的转换 值。 syndicate [banking] A group of bankers and/or brokers who underwrite and distribute a new issue of securities or a large block of an outstanding issue. By extension, can also refer to a group of banks or securities firms who are involved in a Eurocredit or Eurobond issue. 辛迪加，银团，财团[银行业务] 即一批银行和（或）证券经纪人，他们对一种新 发行的证券或一批已发行的证券进行包销和分 配。也可延伸为从事某项欧洲信贷或欧洲债券发 行的银团或证券商集团。 sydication* 辛迪加组织，组成银团 syndicate a loan, to To arrange for a loan using a syndicate. 联合发放贷款 使用辛迪加进行一笔贷款安排。 syndicated loan Loan made by a syndicate. 联合贷款，辛迪加贷款，银团贷款 由一个辛迪加发放的贷款。 synfuel; synthetic fuel 合成燃料 Sysmin (= Special financing facility for ACP and OCT mining products) [European Communities] 对非洲、加勒比海和太平洋与协作的海外国家和 地区矿产品的特别融资安排（贷款）[欧共体] system load factor [electricity] 系统负荷系数[电力] Systemic Transformation Facility （STF）[IMF] Temporary facility to help member countries facing balance of payment difficulties. 体制转型贷款（简写为STF）[国际货币基金组织] 对面临国际收支困难的会员国提供帮助的临时 性贷款。

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- P - Pacific Rim countries 环太平洋国家，太平洋周边国家 package 一揽子，一整套 亦见bid package; financial package; minimum package project; new money packages; policy package; rescue package; slice and package package coverage [MIGA] Coverage of a combination of types of risk. 一揽子担保[多边投资担保机构] 指对多种类型风险的担保。 package deal contract A variant of the turnkey contract. 一揽子交易合同 系交钥匙合同的另一种说法。 package loan [IFC] * 一揽子贷款，组合贷款[国际金融公司] paid-in (share) capital; called up (share) capital The total amount of cash, property and services contributed to a corporation by its stockholders and constituting a major balance-sheet item. 已缴（股份）资本；已催交（股份）资本 公司股东已缴入的现金、财产和劳务的总额。它 构成该公司资产负债表的一个主要科目。 paid-in capital subscriptions [IBRD] 已缴（实缴）认购股本[国际复兴开发银行] paid-up capital That part of the issued capital of a company which the subscribers have been required to pay. 已交资本，实缴资本 一个公司要求其认购股东缴付的那部分已认购 资本。 paid-up stock; fully paid stock Stock fully paid for (i.e. upon which no further subscription installments are due) 已缴股份；全部缴清的股份 指股款已全部缴清的股份，即没有分期缴付而尚 未缴清的股款。 panel data set Set of survey respondent data, obtained from the same group of respondents over a period of time. 定点调查数据组 在一段时期内从同一被调查组获得的一套调查 结果数据。 Panel member [ICSID] (调解或仲裁)小组成员[解决投资争端国际中心] Panel of Conciliators, Arbitrators [ICSID] 调解/仲裁员小组[解决投资争端国际中心] panel of experts 专家小组 paper [financial] 证据、票据、纸币[筹资] paper profit 帐面利润，预期利润 parallel economy; black economy; underground economy; submerged economy Transactions for goods and services not declared to the tax authorities and not appearing in the gross national product. 平行经济；黑市经济；地下经济；隐蔽经济 指没有向税务当局申报和没有体现在国民生产 总值上的货物和劳务的交易。

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parallel financing Cofinancing, but with the partners financing different parts of the project. 平行融资，平行筹措资金 联合融资的一种类型，参加融资的伙伴各自对项 目的不同部分进行融资。 parastatal [noun] 半官方机构，半国营机构[名称] parchment coffee Coffee which is dried but unhulled. 干咖啡 干燥但未去壳的咖啡。 parent body 上级机构，母机构 parent company 母公司 Pareto optimum A state of the economy in which all economic resources are allocated and used efficiently, such that it is impossible to make anyone economically better off without making someone else economically worse off. 帕累托最佳状况 指一种经济状况，其中所有的经济资源都得到有 效的配置和利用，其结果是，除非使一个人的经 济状况恶化，否则另一人的经济状况不可能改 善。 pari passu clause Clause in loan agreement precluding subordination of the loan to other debt. In the issue of new shares, it states that the new shares will rank equally for dividend with an existing similar issue. 同等优先清偿权 贷款协议中的一项条款，排除本贷款对其它债务 的从属性。在发行新股时，说明新股在股利分配 上与现存同类股份享有同等权利。 parity price A price which is sought or maintained. For an agricultural product, quantity of the goods and services which could have been purchased with the proceeds of a given amount of the product in a reference period is determined. Parity exists today if the proceeds from the same amount of that product can purchase the same goods and services. 平价 一种希望得到或维持的价格。在某一对照期内， 购买一定数量的农产品和劳务所需的一定的产 品收入额是确定的。如果同一数量产品的收入额 今天仍然可以购买同样的货物和劳务，即表明平 价的存在。 Part I countries [IBRD] In the World Bank, those member countries who are considered as developed countries and no longer entitled to Bank lending. 第一类国家[国际复兴开发银行] 在世界银行，指那些被认为是发达的已不再有资 格向世界银行借款的会员国。 Part I countries [IDA] * 第一类国家[国际开发协会] Part II countries [IBRD] In the World Bank, those member countries that are considered as developing and therefore entitled to borrow from the Bank. 第二类国家[国际复兴开发银行] 在世界银行，指那些被认为是处于发展中阶段、 因而有资格从世界银行借款的国家。 Part II countries [IBRD]* 第二类国家[国际开发协会] partial budget A budget that addresses itself to only part of an enterprise. 局部预算 只包括企业部分活动的预算。 participation certificate; pass-through certificate Certificate representing an interest in a pool of funds or in other instruments. 参与证书 一种表明在某一资金总库或其他金融工具中享 有利益的证书。 participation rate; labor force penetration The extent to which those of working age are actually working. 参与率；劳动力参与率 指劳动适龄人口中实际参加劳动的人口。 participative management 职工参与管理 participatory development Development where people influence development decisions that affect them. 参与性发展 指群众对与他们有关的发展决策施加影响。 participatory poverty assessment - PPA 参与性贫困评价（简写为PPA） participatory rural appraisal, analysis - PRA 参与性农村评估，分析（简写为PRA） particulate matter - PM In water, solid matter, in either solid or dissolved states. In air pollution, solid particles or drops of liquid carried by air or other gases. 微粒物质（简写为PM） 在水中指固体物质，无论其是固体或是处于溶解 状态。在空气污染中，指固体微粒或由空气或其 他气体乘载的液体点滴。 partly knocked down - PKD Components of a piece of machinery that have only been partially assembled. 部分组装完毕（简写为PKD） 仅部分组装完毕的机器部件。 partner countries 合伙国家，伙伴国家 partnership 伙伴关系，合作关系

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party (to proceeding or to the dispute) [ICSID] (诉讼或争端的)当事人[解决投资争端国际中心] par value When applied to capital stock, a stated amount of money by which the stock is known for accounting and tax purposes. The market value of the stock seldom bears any relationship to its par value. When applied to bonds sometimes used interchangeably with maturity value. 票面价值 用于股票时，表示该股票作为会计和计税而使用 的货币金额。股票的市场价值很少与其面值有任 何关系。用于债券时，有时可与该债券的到期价 值交替使用。 pass rate; promotion rate [education] 升级率，[教育] pass-through audit [IBRD] 简化程序的项目审计[国际复兴开发银行] pass-through certificate 参与证 见participation certificate pass-through effect 转手效应，转嫁效应 pastoral association - PA A legally recognized, voluntary association of pastoral livestock owners who use a common area for grazing and frequent the same water points for the purpose of managing natural resources (water, graze and other vegetation), for the procurement of inputs and services and the selling of products. 畜牧协会（简写为PA） 由使用同一牧场和同一水源的畜牧业主为了管 理好自然资源（水、牧草和其他植被），采购投 入物和劳务以及销售产品而自愿组成的、法律承 认的组织。 pastoralist 畜牧者，放牧人 patching; spot improvement, patching; road, surface patching [highways] 修补，零补，路面修补[公路] pattern farm plan 模式农场计划 payable on demand 索还时立即付款 pay-as-you-earn - PAYE; pay-as-you-go [taxation] 预扣所得税（简写为PSYE）；现收现付[税收] pay-as-you-go system [social security] A method of accounting for an unfunded pension plan in which payments to the pension plan beneficiaries are made from current receipts and not from previous contributions. 现收现付制[社会保障] 指一种无基金积累的养老金计划的会计方法。在 这种制度下，对养老金计划受益人的支付来自于 当前的收入，而不是以前的缴费。 payback period 回收期 paying agency fee Fee paid by borrower in the financial markets, representing costs incurred in having the borrowing serviced by an agent. 付款代理费 金融市场上借款人因使用借款服务而支付给代 理人的费用。 payline The line connecting the midpoints of a given salary structure. Also used for the line connecting market pay data for several grades, at a given level. 工资曲线 指连结给定的工资结构中的若干中点的曲线。亦 用于在一给定水平上连结若干级别市场工资支 付数据的曲线。 payload 工资负担，净载重量 payment arrears 拖欠付款，到期未偿款项 payment basis, on a 有偿的，现款交易 payment bond [US] A bond executed in connection with a contract to assure payment as required by law of all persons supplying labor and material under the contract. 付款债券[美国] 一种与某一合同相连带执行的债券，它保证对合 同项下所有提供劳力和材料的人按法律要求付 款。 payment-in-kind - PIK 实物支付（简写为PIK） payment guarantee A guarantee executed in connection with a contract to assure payment as required by law of all persons supplying labor and material under the contract. 付款保证 一种与某一合同相连带执行的保证。它保证对合 同项下所有提供劳力和材料的人按法律要求付 款。 payment schedule Timetable for payment by the purchaser to the supplier/contractor. 付款安排表 采购者对供应商或承包商付款的时间表。 payments position (of a country) (一个国家的)国际收支状况 payout date Date on which a due periodic payment, such as payment on a bond or a stock dividend, is made. 支付日期 定期进行支付（如支付债券本息或股票分红）的 日期， payout price Difference between the face value of a bond and the net value received by the bondholder, after deducting commission. 支付价格 债券的面值与债券持有人实际收到（在减除佣金 以后）的净值之间的差额。 payroll 工资单，发放的工资额 payroll contributions 从工资中扣缴 payroll tax 薪税 peak load 高峰负荷，最大负荷 peak (load) shaving [electricity] 峰荷脱落，峰荷分离[电] peer monitoring Having neighbors who are in a good position to monitor the borrower be required to pay a penalty if the borrower goes bankrupt. 同业监测 指使用地位较好的“邻居”来监视借款人，如借 款人破产，该监视人将被处以罚金。 peg, to (prices, interest rates) 钉住（价格，利率） peg out, to [surveying] 桩定，定线，定界[测量] penalty clause A clause in a legal instrument providing for the assessment of a penalty under certain stated conditions. （违约）惩罚条款 法律文件中的一个条款，为在已经订明的条件下 对一项惩罚的估价进行指导。 pension finance unit* 养老金财务部门 penstock [hydroelectricity] A closed conduit which supplies water under pressure to a turbine. 压力管道[水电] 一条封闭的渠道，以压力对涡轮机供水。

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pent-up demand 被抑制的需求 P/E ratio; price/earning ratio 价格收益比率 per capita income 人均收入 percentage (fee) contract [consultants] A contract where the cost of consulting services are directly related to project construction costs or a ceiling thereof. A percentage of the approved construction costs is paid and, once approved, no matching of inputs to payment is required. （费用）提成合同[咨询顾问] 一种咨询合同，其咨询服务费直接同项目建设成 本相联系，或按该成本的一个比例设定上限。咨 询费按项目成本的一个百分比计付，一旦批准， 不再要求提供与支付相配套的投入物。 percentage point 百分点 perfect competition; pure competition 完全竞争；纯竞争 perfection (of security) Registration of a security. （证券的）完善 指证券的注册。 performance 执行，履行；业绩；工作进度 亦见economic performance; financial performance; institutional performance; project performance (audit) report; tax performance ratio performance audit 业绩审计，履约审计 performance bond A bond put up by a contractor to protect the employer from any breach of contract. This practice is particularly prevalent in the United States, where performance bonds are provided by insurance companies. The bond usually gives the guarantor the option of remedying a specific default by the contractor, performing the contract in his place or paying the beneficiary what it costs to have the contract performed, up to a certain limit of money. 履约保证 由承包商提供的一种保证，以保护业主不受任何 违约行为的损害。这种做法在美国特别盛行，履 约保证由保险公司提供。这种保证通常在承包商 发生某项具体违约时，给予担保人以补救的选择 余地，即或由他代理履行合同，或向受益人支付 一定的金额，使其能够继续履行合同。 performance budget A budget of outputs, as in a planning, programming, budgeting system (PPBS) but often without the accompanying relations to longer range accomplishments that form an integral part of most PPBS budgets. 职能预算 一种产出预算，如在计划、规划和预算系统（简 写为PPBS）中，但它常常与大多数PPBS预算中 不可分割的长期任务部分没有相伴随的关系。 performance chart; working table; management chart A chart comprising numerical data which indicates the current performance of an organization or part of an organization or an individual. 业绩图表；工作进度图表；管理图 一种数据图表，它表示一个组织、或一个组织的 一部分、或某一个人当前的工作进度。 performance contract 履约合同 performance evaluation [personnel] 工作评价，考绩[人事] performance guarantee [consultants] A security in the form of a performance bond, bank guarantee, cashier's check, certified check or cash at an amount specified in the bidding documents required in a contract to protect the owner in case of breach of contract by the contractor. 履约担保[咨询专家] 指一种保证，其形式为履约保证金、银行担保、 银行本票或现金，其数额按照合同要求在招标文 件中进行规定，目的是在承包商违约的情况下保 护业主的利益。 performance indicators 工作业绩指标 Performance Management Process - PMP World Bank personnel evaluation system. 考绩管理方法（简写为PMP） 世界银行人事评价制度。 performance monitoring 履约监测，业绩监测 performance period During a workout program for a country with protracted arrears, the period prior to clearance of arrears when the country's performance, including compliance with a Bank-approved structural adjustment program, is monitored by the Bank. This performance period must be satisfactorily completed before the country is eligible for regular Bank lending. 业绩检验期，表现期 指长期拖欠贷款的国家，在“解决方案”实行过 程中清偿完欠款以前的这段时间。在此期间，世 界银行将一直对该国的业绩表现，包括对世界银 行批准的结构调整方案的执行情况进行监视。只 有在表现期圆满结束后，该国才有资格获得世界 银行的正常贷款。 Performance Planning and Review - PPR [IBRD] System set up by the Bank for evaluating staff performance. An individual performance plan is set up every year and reviewed at the end of that year. Now replaced by the Performance Management Process (PMP). 工作计划和考核制度（简写为PPR）[国际复兴开 发银行] 世界银行为评价职工的工作成绩而设立的一种 制度。每年对每个人建立一个工作计划，到年底 时加以评审。现在该制度已被“考绩管理办法” （简写为PMP）所取代。 performance requirements [contracts] 履约要求[合同] performance security [contracts] A security in the form of a performance bond or bank guarantee at an amount specified in the bidding documents required in a contract to protect the owner in case of breach of contract by the contractor.

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履约保证金[合同] 指一种保证金，其形式可以是履约保证金或银行 担保，其数额在合同中按招标文件规定的要求订 立，目的是在承包商违约的情况下保护业主的利 益。 performance specifications 对执行工作的具体要求 performance work statement - PWS Statement defining the contractual performance required of a vendor providing labor service requirements such as custodial services, construction trades, etc. 履约工作说明书（简写为PWS） 这种说明书确定对一个提供劳务的承包人（或卖 主）的合同履行要求，如保管服务、建筑购置等。 performing assets 正在产生效益的资产 periodic health assessment - PHA 定期健康评价（简写为PHA） (periodic) review clause A clause in a loan agreement, particularly policy-based lending, which gives the lender the right to determine periodically whether the stated objectives are being met and whether any problems have been encountered. If problems occur, further disbursement may be withheld. （定期）检查条款 贷款协议（特别是在政策性贷款）中的一项条款， 它给予贷款人定期检查的权利，以确定协议中规 定的目标是否达到，以及是否遇到问题。如果发 生了问题，进一步的支付有可能停止。 permanent assets 固定资产 见capital assets perpetual bond A bond which pays agreed-upon interest indefinitely. It has no maturity date. 无期限债券 指一种无限期地按照约定的利息付息的债券。该 债券没有到期日。 personal exemption[ tax] * 个人免税[税收] personal history [medicine] 病历[医疗] personal stock 个人股 见registered share, stock Personnel Manual Statement 人事手册说明 pest and disease control 虫害和疾病控制 phase out, to 逐步结束(停止) phase out period [IBRD] Gradual period by which a country is graduated from the Bank. 逐步结束期[国际复兴开发银行] 指一个会员国从世界银行逐步毕业的时期。 phase out program [IBRD] Gradual program by which a country is graduated from the Bank. 逐步结束方案[国际复兴开发银行] 指一个会员国从世界银行逐步毕业的方案。 Philippines formula [MOV] A formula (named after the first country to use it) whereby under the maintenance of value system a country may repurchase the local currency value of its capital subscription with a currency acceptable to the Bank. 菲律宾公式[货币保值] 世界银行货币保值制度（名称来自第一个使用这 一手段的国家）。在这一制度下，一个国家可用 一种世界银行能接受的货币重新购回该国认购 项下的本国货币总值。 phosphate rock; rock phosphate 磷酸盐岩 physical contingencies 物质方面不可预见的情况 physical facilities 有形设施，实物设施 physical infrastructure 物质基础设施 physical investmen 物质投资 physical planner 实物计划者 physical planning 实物计划的制定 Physical Quality of Life Index - PQLI Indexes which attempts to evaluate quality of life by combining life expectancy at age one, infant mortality rate and literacy rate, each with equal weight. 物资生活质量指数（简写为PQLI） 指试图用来评价生活质量的一种指数。该指数把 一岁儿童的预期寿命、婴儿死亡率和识字率相结 合，并给每项以同等权数。 piggyback financing Financing studies for a future project as part of a loan to finance another project usually in the same sector. 附带贷款 作为一项贷款的一部分，为研究一个未来的项目 提供资金。两个项目通常是同一部门内的。

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piggyback project 附带项目 pioneer industry 先行产业 pioneering research 开创性研究 piped water 管道水 pipeline loan, credit 备选贷款(信贷) pipeline of projects; lending pipeline; project pipeline Projects which have advanced beyond the stage of appraisal mission departure, i.e which are expected to be in the forthcoming year's lending program. 备选贷款项目 指那些评估团已经离开，可望列入下一年贷款方 案中的项目。 pipeline project Project in pipeline of projects. 备选项目 一系列备选贷款项目中的一个项目。 pipeline ratio, lending Projects past appraisal as a percentage of next year's lending program. 备选项目比率 已经过评估的项目占来年贷款规划的百分比。 pit latrine 茅厕，蹲坑式厕所 pit privy 室内蹲坑式厕所 pithead power plant 坑口电站 planning 计划 见aggregative planing; blueprint planning; comprehensive planning; development planning; family planning; indicative planning figures; land use planning; mandatory planning; manpower planning; Performance Planning and Review; physical planning; planning forecasts planning forecasts 计划预测 planning, programming , budgeting system - PPBS A budget, usually for a government agency, in which the budget items are grouped under various programs. 计划，规划和预算系统（简写为PPBS） 指一种预算，通常为一个政府机构所采用，其中 各预算科目在不同方案中分组列出。 plant 厂，站 见base load station; biogas plant; boimass (power) plant; coal fired power station; diesel (fired) power plant; oil fired power station; pithead power plant; steam plant; step-down power station; step-up power station plant and equipment 厂房与设备 plant breeder 繁殖用植物 见breeder plant breeding 植物育种 plant cover 作物覆盖物 plant population 作物总数 planting material 种植材料，种植物资 pleadings [ICSID] 辩护书，起诉书[解决投资争端国际中心] pledge (of shares) [IFC] (股份)抵押[国际金融公司] pledging 抵押，抵押品 plot servicing 为建筑工地提供基础设施 plowed-back profits 已用作再投资的利润 plus sum game; positive sum game 正收益策略 point 点，基点 见basis point point source [environment] An identifiable and confined source of discharge of pollutants. 污染源头[环境] 指一个可以认定的、范围明确的污染物排放源 头。 policy-based assistance 政策性援助 policy-based lending; policy loans [IBRD] Loans made in support of policy and institutional changes, rather than for specific projects. Normally given under the structural adjustment and sector adjustment lending programs. 政策性贷款[国际复兴开发银行] 指用于支持政策和制度改革，而不是支持某一特 定项目的贷款。一般是在结构调整和部门调整贷 款方案项下贷出。 policy framework 政策框架 policy package 一揽子政策 policy instrument* 政策手段 policy-oriented sector lending* 政策性部门贷款 policy paper 政策文件 political entrepreneurship Having a “political entrepreneur” who motivates others, engenders trust, and mobilizes tangible benefits to cooperation in the interest of collective action. It is a key element in common property management. 政治型企业家素质 即“政治型企业家”，此人能够调动他人的积极 性，获得信任，并能结合集体行为的利益动员有 形利益。这是共同财产管理的一个关键因素。 poll tax; head tax; capitation tax 人头税 polluter 污染环境者 polluter-pays principle - PPP Principle whereby a polluter has to pay to clean up the damage his pollution causes. 污染者偿付原则（简写为PPP） 由污染环境者偿付清理所需的费用，这种环境损 害是由他释放的污染物造成的环境损害。 pollution haven Country which allows companies to pollute with few or no restrictions. 污染庇护所 指允许公司释放污染物而没有或极少限制的国 家。 polychlorinated biphenyl - PCB Aromatic compounds used as insulating and cooling agents, plasticizers and in paper and ink manufacture. They are very stable and are found extensively in the environment.

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聚氯联苯，多氯联苯（简写为PCB） 一种芳香属化合物，用作绝缘和冷却剂、增塑剂， 并用于造纸和油墨生产。它们非常稳定，在环境 中广泛存在。 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - PAH Aromatic ring compounds found in coal, tar and petroleum. They are emitted by combustion-related activities, including cigarette smoking. 多环的芳香属烃（简写为PAH） 存在于煤炭、焦油和石油中的芳香属环状化合 物。它们是在燃烧过程中（包括抽烟）释放到大 气中的。 polycyclic management Forest management system which is designed to limit the damage to advanced regeneration of commercial species that will become the final timber crop after 20-30 years. It relies on efficient monitoring of stand development, with thinning where necessary to favor the growth of promising individual timber trees. 多轮管理 一种森林管理制度，旨在限制对商业树种前期再 生的损害，使它们能在20到30年后成材。它有赖 于对林木发展有效的监测，在需要时进行间伐， 以利于有望成材的树木的生长。 pool 总库，统筹 亦见borrowing pool; currency pool Pool-Based Lending Rate System [IBRD] Lending rate system using the pool-based variable lending rate. 总库贷款利率制[国际复兴开发银行] 使用总库可变贷款利率的一种贷款利率制。 pool-based variable lending rate [IBRD] IBRD lending rate where the lending rate on all outstanding balances is adjusted every six months to achieve a given spread above the average cost of outstanding borrowings. 总库可变贷款利率[国际复兴开发银行] 国际复兴开发银行贷款利率，该利率每6个月对 所有未偿还贷款的利率作一次调整，以求实现一 个高于未偿还借款平均成本的利差。 pooled loan A loan included in the currency pooling system. 总库制贷款 指参加货币总库制的贷款。 pooling 联营，集资经营，统筹，(资金)汇集，汇入总库 pool unit A synthetic currency unit used as the numeraire for the currency pool. In practice, it is the constant 1980 dollar. 货币总库的记帐单位 作为货款总库记帐单位的一个假定的复合货币 单位。在实践中，使用1980年不变美元。 "poor man" crop* “穷人”作物 port authority 港务局 port charges, tariffs 港口费 port dues; harbor dues, fees Charges for the use of the port by the ship and its cargo. 港口费 为船及其货物使用港口所收取的费用。 port of entry price 到港价，到岸价 见cost, insurance and freight port of entry/border point price port of shipment price 起运口岸船上交货价 见free on board port of shipment price port tariffs, charges Specific charges for port services such as berth occupancy, aids to navigation, pilotage, towage, cargo handling, power and water supply, etc. 港口税 各种港口服务（如泊位占用、导航服务、引水、 牵引、货物装卸、水电供应等）所收取的费用。 portfolio cleanup 证券投资组合清理 portfolio equity 证券组合投资 portfolio equity investments Investment in money market funds, depository receipts, and direct purchases of shares by foreign investors. 证券组合投资 指在货币市场基金、存单的投资以及外国投资者 直接购买股份。 portfolio income 证券投资收入 portfolio sale 证券出售 portfolio securities 有价证券，投资证券 positive list List of imports defined as critical to a specific program. 正单，准许进口的货物清单 对某一特定规划至关紧要的进口货物清单。 positive sum game; plus sum game 正收益策略 post appraisal mission 后评估团 posted price [oil] A written statement of crude petroleum prices circulated publicly among sellers and buyers of crude petroleum in a particular field in accordance with historic practices and generally known by sellers and buyers within the field. 牌价，标价[石油] 一个油田内，在原油销售商和收购商之间公开发 放的原油价格书面通知。这是油田内的销售商和 收购商普遍知晓的一种传统做法。 posted values 标值 postgraduate studies 研究生学业 postqualification of bidders Determination of capability and financial resources of a successful bidder who has not been prequalified. 投标者资格后审 对一个没有参加资格预审的成功的投标商的能 力和财务资源进行认定。 pour flush latrine 冲水厕所 poverty gap It measures the transfer that would bring the income of every poor person exactly up to the poverty line, thereby eliminating poverty. 贫困差距 用以衡量为消除贫困而把每一个穷人恰好提高 到贫困线以上所需要的资金转移。 poverty income threshold; poverty line The minimum acceptable level of standard of living in a given country or region. 贫困线 某一国家或地区的最低的可以接受的生活标准 水平。 power plant, station 电站

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电站 见base load station; biogas plant; biomass (power) plant; coal fired power station; diesel (fired) power plant; oil fired power station; pithead power plant; steam plant; step-down power station; step-up power station power system 电力系统 power takeoff - PTO An attachment, usually consisting of a shaft and two or more universal joints, which is used to transmit power from a tractor to an attached unit such as a combine or hay baler. 动力输出装置（简写为PTO） 一个动力的附属装置，通常包括一个排档和两个 或以上的万相节，用来从一个拖拉机输送动力至 一个附属部件，如联合收割机或干草压捆机。 practical nurse 有实际工作经验但没有经过正规训练的护士 practice school 实验学校，示范学校 见demonstration school preamble to an agreement; recital of an agreement 协议(协定)的序言；协议中陈述事实的部分 preappraisal 预评估 preappraisal mission 预评估团 prearranged sale of participations [IFC]* 根据事先安排出售所参加的投资（或贷款）[国 际金融公司] precedent conditions [legal] Conditions which must occur for a subsequent event to take place. Frequently found in international contracts. 先行条件[法律] 某一后续事件发生的必要条件。常常在国际合同 中出现。 precipitator; dust collector; dust separator An air pollution control device usually using mechanical/electrical means to collect particulates from an emission. 静电滤尘器；尘埃收集器；尘埃分离器 一种空气污染控制装置，一般使用机械或电力方 法从排放物中收集微粒。 predatory price 掠夺性价格 predevelopment work [oil] 开发前工作[石油] predicated variable; predictor 预计变量；预计因素 predictor; predicated, independent, explanatory variable; fixed variate; regressor [statistics] If a relationship between two variables x and y is interpreted in a causal way such that changes in y are said to be caused or explained by changes in x, then x is the predictor. 预计因素；预计变量，自变量，说明变量；固定 变量；回归数[统计] 假如两个变量X和Y之间的关系可以解释为因果 关系，就是说Y的变化是由于（或可以解释为） X的变化引起，则X当是预计因素。 preemptive rights 优先购买权 见first refusal rights preference, preferential margin; margin of preference Preference given to certain goods and services of local origin in a contract. 优惠；优惠幅度 指在合同中对来源于国内的某些货物和劳务给 予的优惠。 preferred provider organization (PPO) system Health care system where care is provided by allowing participants to choose among participating professional, who are paid on either a fee for service or capitation (fixed amount per participant per year) basis. 自选医生医疗组织（简写为PPO）制 一种医疗卫生制度，该制度允许参加者自行选择 参加该制度的专业医生，按次或按人收费（每一 参加者每年按固定金额缴费）。 preferred stock Stock which has a claim upon the earnings (and sometimes upon the assets and control) of a corporation prior to the common or other class stock. 优先股 优先股对公司收益（有时还在资产和控制方面） 的要求权先于普通股或其他种类的股份。 prefinancing 预先提供(融通)资金 preinvestment study, survey 投资前研究(调查) preliminary application for guarantee [MIGA] An initial application for a MIGA guarantee, to be made before the investment is made or irrevocably committed. It sets forth the information MIGA needs to make a provisional determination that the investor and the investment appear eligible for MIGA guarantees. 初步担保申请[多边投资担保 机构] 在进行投资或不可撤回的投资承诺以前，向多边 投资担保机构提出的初步担保申请。其中提供多 边投资担保机构所需要的信息，以便使其据此作 出临时性的决定，认定该项投资商和投资有资格 取得多边投资担保机构的担保。 亦见notice of registration, definitive application for guarantee preliminary design, engineering 初步设计 preliminary estimates of quantities 对数量的初步估计 preliminary question [ICSID] 先决问题[解决投资争端国际中心] prematured loan Loan that matures before time initially specified. 提前到期贷款 在原先确定的时限以前到期的贷款。 prematuring 提前到期 premier borrower 主要客户 见prime borrower premium 升水，加价，溢价 亦见inflation premium; price premium; quality premium; standby premium premium 保险费，奖金，酬劳金，佣金 premium, at a 按保险费标准，按溢价 premium [MIGA] Sum charged by MIGA for each guarantee, calculated on an annual basis as a percentage of the amount of guarantee. 保险费[多边投资担保机构] 多边投资担保机构对每一笔担保收取的费用，它 是以年为基础，按担保额的一定百分比计收的。 premium [securities] The difference between the par value and the higher market value of a security expressed as a percentage of the par value. 溢价，升水[证券] 指某一证券的较高的市场价值同面值之间的差 额，以面值的百分比表示。 premium [stocks] Difference between the face value and the selling price of the share when the selling price is higher. 溢价，升水[股票] 指股票的卖价高于面值时的差额。 premium on prepayment [IBRD] 提前还款溢价[国际复兴开发银行] premium sale 增价出售 preparatory school; feeder school; contributory school 预科，补习学校 prepayment [IBRD] 预付[国际复兴开发银行] prepool loan Loan made before the introduction of the currency pool (prior to 1980). 实施货币总库制以前的贷款 指在实施货币总库制（1980年）以前世界银行所 作的贷款。 prequalification documents 资格预审文件 prequalification of bidders In procurement, determination of the technical and financial capacity of potential bidders to perform the contract.

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对投标人的资格预审 在采购业务中，对潜在的投标者的技术和财务能 力加以审查，以确定其是否有能力履行合同。 pre-reading Learning about the nature and function of print, reading commons signs and labels, learning letters and some sounds and writing one's name. 读前教育 这种教育包括掌握印刷材料的性质和功能，认识 普通的记号和标志，学习字母和一些发音，以及 书写自己的名字。 present value, worth An amount which, taking into account the earning power of capital over time and the difference in time between the present and some future date, would be equivalent today to an expenditure or receipt at such a future date; the result of discounting a future value to the present by the appropriate discount rate. 现值 现值是在考虑到资本随时间的增长而产生的获 利能力以及在现在和将来不同时日之间的差别 等因素的情况下，使将来某一时日的一笔费用支 出或收入等于现时的一笔数额。现值的求得是用 适当的贴现率把一个将来的价值贴现成现在的 价值。 present worth of an annuity factor How much 1 received or paid annually is worth today. 一个年金系数的现值 指每年支出或收入为“1”的现值是多少。 preservation forest Forest designated for total protection of representative forest ecosystems in which all forms of extraction are prohibited. 保护林，保留林 为全面保护有代表性的森林生态系统而特定的 森林，该处禁止任何形式的采伐。 pre-shipment inspection Inspection of procured goods before they are shipped. 运前检查 对所采购的货物在运输以前进行的检查。 pre-shipment price inspection A new Bank requirement in international competitive bidding, whereby prices are checked, prior to shipping, by a third party inspection company, to ensure that they are accurate and competitive. 运前价格检查 这是世界银行对国际竞争性招标提出的一个新 的要求，即在货物运输前要由一个第三方检查公 司对价格进行检查，以确保它们是准确并有竞争 力的。 President's Contingency A fund, usually one percent of the Budget, used to meet resource demands during the budget year that were not and could not have been fully anticipated at the time of budget preparation. 行长应急准备金 一笔基金（一般是预算的百分之一），用来解决 在作预算时没有或不可能完全预料到的预算年 度内的资金需求。 presumptive taxation Lump sum taxation paid in advance. 推定税制 提前一次性总数缴纳的税款 prevailing market rate 现行市场利率 prevalence [disease] 流行[病] price adjustment clause; price escalation clause; escalation clause Clause in a contract that states that price adjustments will be made in the event changes occur in major cost components of the contract such as fuel, labor, equipment and materials. 价格调整条款；调整条款 合同中的一项条款，它规定在合同的主要成本组 成部分（如燃料、劳力、设备和材料）发生变化 时，价格将作调整。 price contingencies 价格方面不可预见的情况 price differential, spread 价差，价格级差 price-earning ratio; P/E ratio - PER Market price per ordinary share divided by earnings per ordinary share after tax. It expresses the market value placed on the expectation of future earnings. 价格-收益比率（简写为PER） 即每一普通股的市价除以每一普通股的税后收 益。它是根据将来预期收益来表示的市场价格。 price effect 价格效应 price elasticity; own price elasticity The change in quantity (demanded or supplied) which results from a given change in price. 价格弹性 由一定的价格变动所带来的数量（需求或供给） 的变动。 price escalation clause 价格调整条款 见price adjustment clause price ex factory 卖方工厂交货价格，出厂价格 见factory price price fixing 定价，限定价格；操纵价格 price freeze 价格冻结 price incentives 价格激励 price inelasticity When there is no change in quantity (demanded or supplied) as a result of a change in price. 价格无弹性

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指在价格变动时，货物的数量（需求或供应）不 起变化。 price leader, setter, maker 领头定价者，市场操纵者 price level accounting; general price level accounting 价格水平会计 price maintenance 维持价格 见resale price maintenance price maker, setter, leader A seller who dominates to the extent that when it changes prices, its competitors make similar changes. 领头定价者，市场操纵者 指在市场上居支配地位的卖主，每当该卖主变动 价格时，其他竞争者也相应变动价格。 price premium 价格附加，增价 price quotations [contracts] 报价[合同] price range 价格幅度 price schedule [procurement] A document containing an itemized breakdown of the goods or services to be provided with a statement of the unit prices applicable. 价目表[采购] 一种货物或劳务供应的细目表，其中表明每一单 位货物或劳务所适用的价格。 price setter, maker, leader 价格领头人，市场操纵者 price spread, differential 差价 price support 价格支持 price swing 物价波动 price taker A party to a transaction in which the price was determined by natural forces of competition. The seller wanted a higher price, while the buyer wanted a lower price; neither could influence the price because it was determined by the market. 随行就市商人 在价格由自然竞争力量决定的交易中的一方。卖 方希望高价，买方希望低价，但各方都无法影响 市场价格，因为价格是由市场决定的。 price to factory 到厂价 priced bill of quantities Detailed list of the work to be done, as priced by the contractor, based on quantities estimated by employer and engineer. 报价的数量清单 以业主或工程师估计的数量为基础，由承包商报 价并详细列举各种需做工作（工程）的清单。 pricing policy 定价政策 pricing system [financial markets] 定价制度(金融市场) priced offer 报价发盘 primal city 主要城市 primary commodity, product A commodity which has not yet undergone any significant degree of processing, e.g. natural rubber, raw wool, etc. 初级商品，初级产品 指没有经过任何程度加工的商品，例如天然橡 胶、生羊毛等。 primary deficit; noninterest deficit Deficit which excludes all interest payments and which therefore only measures current deficit rather than current and past deficits. 基本赤字；非利息赤字 不包括任何利息支付的赤字，因此它只能用于衡 量目前的赤字，而不是现在和过去所有的赤字。 primary exporting country 初级产品出口国 primary equity* 主要产权 primary health care Health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology, made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and the country can afford to maintain. 基本保健，初级保健 一种建立在实际的、科学的、健全的和社会可接 受的方法和技术上的保健制度，社区中个人和家 庭通过他们的充分参与能普遍享受，而其成本是 社区和国家能够承受得起的。 primary lender* 首要贷款人，原始贷款人 primary producing country 初级产品生产国 primary product, commodity 初级产品，初级商品 primary reserves Funds which a bank keeps for immediate use as opposed to secondary reserves which are not for immediate use but can be quickly converted to money. 第一准备金，原始准备金 银行储备的可以立即使用的资金。它是相对于第 二准备金而言的，后者不是为立即使用准备的， 但可以很快变现成现金。 prime bill A bill of exchange in which the parties have high credit ratings. 上等汇票，优等汇票 指有关各方都享有很高的信用级别的汇票。 prime borrower; premier borrower The most creditworthy type of borrower. 基本客户，主要客户 信誉最好的借款人。 prime contractor; principal, main contractor 主要承包商 prime rate 优惠利率 principal 资本，本金 principal contractor; prime, main contractor 主要承包商。 principal (income) earner 主要经济收入者，养家活口的人 principal economist 首席经济学家 principal exchange rate linked securities notes 同主要汇率挂勾的证券票据 Principles of Staff Employment [World Bank] 职员聘用原则[世界银行] printout 印刷品 prisoner's dilemma [economics] Theory which compares naked self-interest with cooperation. 囚犯的困境[经济学] 一种在赤裸裸的私利与合作之间进行比较的理 论。 private benefit-cost ratio - PBC 私人效益成本比率（简写为PBC） private final consumption expenditure - PFCE Discretionary expenditure by individuals. 私人最终消费支出（简写为PFCE） 指个人可自由支配的支出。 private sector assessment - PSA Assessment carried out by the Bank to identify opportunities and obstacles facing private sector development. 私人部门评估（简写为PSA） 世界银行对私人部门进行的评估，以确定私人部 门发展的机会和障碍。 private voluntary organization - PVO 私人自愿组织（简写为PVO） privatization vouchers Vouchers used in the voucher privatization system. 私有化凭单 指“凭单私有化”制度中使用的单具。 privy 厕所 见aqua privy; pit privy privity [legal] The principle whereby only the two parties to a contract have a contractual relationship and no third party is involved in this relationship. 非当事人利益[法律] 指一项原则：只有合同双方有契约关系，此关系 不涉及第三方。 problem loan [IFC] 问题贷款 problem project* 问题项目 procedural law; adjective law The bodies of principles and rules of law other than the substantive law dealing not with the rights and duties of persons but with the means whereby those rights and duties may be declared, vindicated or enforced, or remedies for their infraction ensured. Includes court procedure, rules relating to the jurisdiction of different courts, pleading, evidence, appeal, execution of judgements, legal aid, conveyancing, costs, etc. 程序法 相对于实体法的一套法律原则和规则条例实体， 它并不规定人的权利和义务，而是使这些权利和 义务得以申明、维护或执行的手段，或是规定违 犯补救手段。它包括法庭程序、各级法庭的管辖 范围的规定、辩护、证据、上诉、判决的执行、 法律援助、产权转让证书、费用等。 procedural orders [ICSID] 程序顺序[解决投资争端国际中心] proceedings 诉讼，议事项目，会议记录，记录汇编 proceeds 收入，收益 process chart 流程图 见flow chart process control 流程控制，程序控制 process engineering 加工技术 processed Refers to a document that has been distributed in an unpublished form. 已印发（文件） 指已经按非出版形式印发的文件。 processing of a loan 办理一笔贷款 processing 加工，处理，起诉 procurement 采购 见bulk procurement procurement agent Firm which specializes in handling international procurement and acts on behalf of contract awarding authority in a bid.

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采购代理人 专业进行国际采购活动并在招标活动中代理授 标当局的公司。 Procurement Manual Statement - PMS 采购手册说明（简写为PMS） procurement (procedures) 采购(程序) producer gas A low-energy gaseous fuel, generally produced from coal, whose principal combustible components (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) are generally diluted by air. 发生炉煤气 一种低能量的气体燃料，一般从煤中产生，其主 要可燃成份（一氧化碳和氢气）一般由空气稀释。 producer goods Goods manufactured for use in making other goods but which do not themselves continue through the manufacturing stream and are not used directly by consumers. 生产资料，生产物资 用来制做其他货物的制成品，但其本身不再继续 通过制造流程，不直接供消费者使用。 producer price The price of a unit of output of some commodity as it leaves the establishment of the producer. It includes any indirect tax or subsidy levied on that output before it leaves the establishment. 生产者价格 指某些商品离开生产企业时的单位价格。它包括 离开企业前对该产品征收的所有间接税或补贴 的价值。 producer price equivalent - PPE The value of transfers to farmers generated by agricultural policy. These are paid either by consumers in the form of market price support or by taxpayers via direct payments and other support. Measures the aggregate assistance to producers before deduction of farm feed adjustment. 生产者价格等值（简写为PPE） 指由农业政策导致的向农民的价值转移。它们或 者由消费者以市场价格补贴形式支付，或由纳税 人以直接和其他形式支付。用以衡量在减除对农 业投入调整以前，对生产者的总的援助。 producers' values [national accounts] The value in the market of the gross output on commodities, industries, etc at the establishment of the producers; or the sum of the values of direct inputs, intermediate inputs at purchasers' values and indirect taxes less subsidies in respect of the commodities, industries, etc. 生产者价值[国民帐户] 指商品、产业部门等的总产出的厂家市场价值； 或者是直接投入的总价值、按购买者价值计算的 中间投入和间接税收减去对商品或行业等的补 贴的总和。 product in hand contract Turnkey contract which determines the characteristics of the final product to be manufactured. 成品到手合同 确定将要生产的最终产品各种特征的交钥匙合 同。 production build up 产量增长 production forest Forest designated for sustainable production of forest products. 生产林 指定为可持续生产林产品的森林。 production possibility curve; transformation curve A graphic representation of the various output combinations of two commodities which can be produced from a given quantity of resources. 生产可能性曲线，变换曲线 一种表示可用一项既定数量的资源生产的两种 商品的不同产出组合的图表。 production-sharing contract Contract where the contractor makes contributions to the investment project and his remuneration substantially (but not necessarily wholly) depends on a share of the production of the investment project, including his right to purchase such share at a predetermined price or a price to be determined under an agreed formula. Considered as a type of nonequity direct investment for the purposes of MIGA. 产量分成合同 这种合同是指承包商对项目作投资，其报酬主要 （但不一定是全部）根据投资项目产量的份额来 确定，他有权按事先确定或按双方同意的公式确 定的价格购买这种份额。多边投资担保机构认为 是非股本直接投资的一种形式。 productive capacity 生产能力 product mix 产品组合，产品结构 product wage 产品工资 profit and loss account [UK]; income statement [US] 损益帐户[英国]，损益表[美国]， profit center [accounting] A responsibility center which accumulates revenues as well as costs. 利润中心[会计学] 指积累成本和收入的责任中心。 profit making 赢利 profit margin 利润率，利润幅度 profit on sales of investments 投资利润 profit sharing 利润分享，分红 profit-sharing contract [MIGA] Contract where the contractor makes contributions to the investment project and his remuneration substantially depends on the revenues or profits of the investment project. 利润分享合同[多边投资担保机构] 在这种合同中，立约人对项目进行投资，而其报 酬在很大程度上取决于投资项目的收入或利润。 pro forma invoice* 估价单，形式发票，样本发票 profit squeeze 套取利润，利润缩减 profits tax 利润税 program aid 方案援助 program budget A PPBS budget which emphasizes long-range planning and associated accomplishments and resource requirements. 方案预算 一种“计划、规划和预算系统”（PPBS）预算， 它强调长期性计划，并把任务的完成与所需资源 联系起来。 program contract A concept developed in France and now used in Senegal, Cameroon and other former French colonies. They are performance contracts between Government and companies generally covering a period of three years, which set annual targets for the company (covering physical production, operating efficiency, billing recovery, employee training, etc.) and establish reciprocal commitments by the Government (e.g. agreement on tariff levels, investment support, increased managerial autonomy, etc.). They are indicative rather than legally binding. 规划合同，方案合同 这一观念首先在法国产生，现在已用于塞内加 尔、喀麦隆和其他前法国殖民地。它们是一种在 政府和公司间签订的“履约合同”，一般为期三 年，每年都对公司订有一些目标（包括实物生产、 营运效率、回收帐单、雇员培训等等）；政府也 作出相应的承诺（例如税率水平协议、投资支持、 增加管理自主权等）。这种合同是指导性的，并 不具有法律约束力。

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program evaluation and review technique - PERT A tool of managerial economics used both in planning a project and in monitoring it. A PERT chart shows each task to be performed, the time each will require, the prerequisites and other information. 统筹方法，规划评审法（简写为PERT） 一种管理经济的工具，既用于项目计划，也用于 对它的监测。一项“规划评审法”图表可显示每 一项应完成的任务、完成每项任务需要的时间、 先决条件和其他信息。 program loan, lending Bank loan given not for a specific project but to help a country overcome unforeseen temporary difficulties which would otherwise result in inappropriate long-term policy adjustments to correct short-term balance of payments problems. 方案贷款 世界银行的一种贷款，不是贷给某一具体项目， 而是用于帮助一个会员国克服某种未能预见到 的暂时困难。这种困难如不予解决，可导致用不 恰当的长期政策调整来纠正短期的国际收支问 题。 program objective category - POC The main areas covered by the Bank's operation program. Currently they are poverty reduction, adjustment and debt, human resources development, private and public sector development, environment and forestry, financial intermediation, natural resources, infrastructure and urban development and economic management. 规划目标种类（简写为POC） 指世界银行业务规划覆盖的主要领域。目前它们 是：减除贫困，调整和债务，人力资源开发，私 人和公共部门发展，环境和森林，金融中介，自 然资源，基础设施和城市发展，以及经济管理。 program of special emphasis - PSE Program that the Bank is giving special priority to, covering such areas as debt management, human resources, women in development, environment, food security, poverty alleviation and private sector development. 特别重要的规划 世界银行列为特别优先的规划，它们包括诸如债 务管理、人力资源、妇女在发展中的作用、环境、 食品保障、贫困减除以及私人部门发展等领域。 Program of Targeted Interventions - PTI 目标干予计划（简写为PIT） progress certificate [IBRD] 进度证明[国际复兴开发银行] progress chart 进度表 progress payment Payment made as work progresses under a contract on the basis of costs incurred, percentage of completion or a particular stage of completion. 按进度分期付款，进度款 在一项合同项下，按工程（或工作）进度实际发 生费用，或是按整个工程完成的百分比，亦或是 按工程在完成过程中的某特定阶段进行付款。 progress report; status report 进度报告，进程报告 project advance account 项目预付款帐户 project agency 项目代理人 project agreement 项目协定 project aid 项目援助 project appraisal 项目评估 project area 项目地区 project audit, evaluation 项目审计、评价 project brief In Bank projects, the basic issues-oriented operational document relating to the early part of the project cycle. It is short (2-6 pages) and focuses on a project's development objectives, policy or other issues and the preparation work required. 项目简介，项目摘要 就世界银行项目而言，项目简介是一种项目周期 早期阶段的问题分析性业务文件。它写得比较简 短（2－6页），重点介绍项目发展的目的、政策 或其他问题，以及要求做的准备工作。 project completion report - PCR A report prepared within six months of the completion of loan/credit disbursements which highlights strengths and weaknesses of the project and draws appropriate lessons for the Bank for future projects. 项目完成报告 项目完成报告在贷款/信贷支付完毕6个月内写 好，着重强调项目的长处和弱点，并为世界银行 未来的项目提供适当的教训。 project cycle The sequence of analytical phases through which a project passes. 项目周期 项目所经历的各个连续性的分解阶段。 project design 项目设计 project enterprise [MIGA] A corporation, association, partnership or any other entity which holds title to, or the power to dispose of, the assets contributed to the Investment Project. 项目企业[多边投资担保机构] 指拥有权利或权力来处置投入到投资项目的资 产的公司、联合体、合伙人或其他任何经济实体。 project evaluation, audit 项目评价、审计 project fund agreement Agreement whereby a lender agrees to lend funds for a specific project. 项目融资协议 贷款者同意向某一项目进行贷款的协议。 project identification 项目认定 project implementation review - PIR Semi-annual Bank-wide report on how projects have been implemented. 项目实施情况检查(简写为PIR ) 指每半年世界银行范围内的对项目执行情况的 检查报告。 Project Information Brief - PIB 项目情况简要介绍（简写为PIB） project life 项目寿命，项目期限 project loan, lending 项目贷款 project management 项目管理 project management unit - PMU [IBRD] 项目管理单位（简写为PMU）[国际复兴开发银 行] project manager 项目负责人，项目经理[联合国开发计划署译法] project officer 项目官员 project performance audit memorandum - PPAM 项目实施情况审计备忘录（简写为PPAM） project performance audit report - PPAR A report which provides a preliminary review and evaluation of a project at the end of the execution phase. 项目实施情况审计报告(简写为PPAR ) 在一个项目执行期末，对项目进行初步审查和评 价的报告。 project pipeline; pipeline of projects; lending pipeline 备选项目 project preparation 项目准备 Project Preparation Facility - PPF* 项目准备贷款基金（简写为PPF） Project Preparation Facility advance* 项目准备贷款基金预付款 project rent income derived from a project. 项目收益 从项目中产生的收益。 project supervision 项目监督 project unit 项目单位 promissory note An unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another signed by the maker, engaging to pay, on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum of money to or to the order of a specified person, or to bearer. 本票，期票 指某人向另一人出具并签字的无条件付款的书 面票据，规定立即或在一个固定日期或在一个可 确定的未来日期，向某人或其指定人或持票人支 付一定的金额。 promotion rate; pass rate [education] Rate at which students pass to the next higher grade. 升级率[教育] 学生升入高一年级的比率。 property income [government] 财产收入[政府] property income [individuals, corporations] 财产收入[个人的，公司的] proprietary good, item 专利品 proprietary interest An ownership interest, as in the interest held by an equity holder in a company or a patent holder who licenses use of the patent by others. 业主利益 指一项所有权的利益，如一个股东在公司内持有 的利益，或一个批准别人使用专利的专利持有 者。 proprietary rights 所有权，专利权 proprietary training Training offered by private, for-profit firms. 私营业主培训 由私营的，以赢利为目的的商号提供的培训。 pro rata commitment authority limitations 按比例承诺的贷款授权限额 pro rata recall Currency recalls for outstanding loans whereby major currencies would be recalled in proportion to the amounts that remain outstanding on each of these loans (as opposed to the previous system where the order of the currency recalled was determined by the Bank). This new system was introduced in January 1990. 按比例回收 在回收未偿还贷款的货币时，主要币种应根据每 笔未偿还贷款余额按比例回收（不同于以前由世 界银行决定货币回收次序的制度）。这项新制度 是在1990年1月开始实行的。 pro rata rules [IDA] Rules which state that other donors may maintain proportionality vis-à-vis the US in the amount of contribution released for commitment. 按比例的规则[国际开发协会] 在已提出的承诺中，说明其他捐赠国可能同美国 保持一定出资比例的规定。 prospectus [financial markets] A document containing all the pertinent information about a public offering of securities and about the borrower. It is made available to the appropriate legal authorities, stock exchanges, and the prospective investors by the lead manager. 招股说明书，募股说明书[金融市场] 指一种包括有关公募证券和关于借款人的所有 相关信息的文件。它由牵头经理提供给适当的法 律当局、证券交易所和可能的投资者。 protected forest 受保护的森林 provision [accounting] 备付[会计] proxy borrowing* 委托借款 provision for losses; reserve for losses; loss provision 亏损备付（金) provisional measure [ICSID] 临时措施[解决投资争端国际中心] proxy 委托，代理人 proxy [IBRD lending rates] 委托利率[国际复兴开发银行贷款利率] prudential constraints 谨慎限制条例 prudential supervision and regulation 谨慎监管和调控 prudent man rule In a trust arrangement, one of the frequent limitations of the trustee's actions; it states that the trustee may make investments “only in such securities as would be acquired by prudent men of discretion and intelligence in such matters who are seeking a reasonable income and the preservation of their capital.” 审慎者通例，谨慎投资通例 指在信托投资安排中，一项通常使用的限制受托 人行为的通例。它表示受托人在进行投资时， “只应投资于有判断力和精明的审慎者（这种人 寻求合理的收益并保全他们的资本）所选择的证 券和投资方向”。

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prudent shopping 精明的询价采购，谨慎选购 public borrowing, offering 公开筹资，公开发售债券或股票 public (capital) expenditure 政府(基建)开支 public corporation 股票上市公司 public debt 政府债券，公共债券 public economics 公共经济学 public enterprise rationalization loan - PERL World Bank loan to help rationalize the finances of a public enterprise. 公共企业合理化贷款（简写为PERL） 世界银行帮助某一公共企业财务合理化的贷款。 public enterprise reform loan - PERL World Bank loan to help reform the finances of a public enterprise. 公共企业改革贷款（简写为PERL） 指世界银行帮助某一公共企业财务改革的贷款。 public enterprise rehabilitation loan - PERL World Bank loan to help rehabilitate the finances of a public enterprise. 公共企业恢复贷款（简写为PERL） 指世界银行帮助某一公共企业财政恢复的贷款。 public offering, borrowing 公开发售债券或股票 public sector borrowing requirement - PSBR The total excess of expenditure over revenue for all government entities, which must be financed by new borrowing net of repayment of previous debts. 公共部门借款要求（简写为PSBR） 所有政府实体的总支出超过总收入的余额，它必 须以新的借款（去除偿还先前债务后的额）来弥 补。 public tender; open tender 公开投标 public utilities 公共事业 public utility corporation 公用事业公司 public works; civil works 市政工程，公共工程 publicly guaranteed debt 政府担保的债务 publicly held government debt 公众持有的政府债务 publicly issued (bonds, etc.) (债券等的)公开发行 publicly traded company 股票上市公司 pull-down menu 可展开的“菜单” pull inflation 拉动型通货膨胀 见demand-pull inflation pump priming policy [economics] government policy of spending during a recession in order to put money into the economic stream so that spending power will continue and economic expansion will follow. 刺激经济的政策[经济学] 指经济衰退时政府的开支政策，其目的是把钱注 入经济活动中，维持支出能力，以期实现经济扩 张。 pumping station 泵站 见booster pumping station pupil-teacher ratio - PTR; student-teacher ratio - STR; teacher-pupil ratio Total students enrolled in primary and secondary levels divided by number of teachers in the corresponding levels. 师生比率（简写为PTR或STR） 在小学和中学注册的学生人数除以这些学校的 教师人数。 purchase fund [sercurities] * 购买基金[证券] purchasing power parity - PPP An exchange rate adjustment that changes a currency's foreign purchasing power after there has been a change in that currency's domestic purchasing power. 购买力平价（简写为PPP） 一种汇率调整机制，在一种货币的国内购买力发 生变化以后，调整该货币的国外购买力。 purchasers' values [national accounts] The cost of goods and services in the market to the point of delivery to the purchaser. Equals producers' values plus the trade and transport margins appropriate to the purchaser in question. 购买者价值[国民帐户] 指运到向购买者交货地点的货物和劳务的市场 成本。等于生产者价值加上适合于该购买者的贸 易和运输差价。 pure competition; perfect competition 完全竞争；彻底的自由竞争 pure IDA countries 只接受国际开发协会（IDA）信贷而不借国际复 兴开发银行贷款的国家 pure stand A stand of trees in which at least 80 percent of the trees in the main crown canopy are of a single species. 单一林 指一片主要树冠至少有80%属于同一品种的林 木。 pure time preference 纯时间选择 见rate of pure time preference pure variety; true to type variety [agriculture] A variety that is like the parental type, without change. 纯种，原始品种[农业] 一种与原系相同、没有变异的品种。 push inflation 推动型通货膨胀 见cost-push inflation put option A contract which entitles one party to it, at his option, to sell a specified amount of securities or commodities to the other party, at the price fixed in the contract, during the life of the contract. 出售选择权 一种合同，它赋予合同的一方在合同有效期内， 有按照合同规定的价格出售一定数额的证券或 商品给另一方的选择权。 “put right” guarantee 准确执行（条款、规定等）保证金