各专业词汇大全

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F face brick FB Fahrenheit °F fast F field F figure FIG. fine print note FPN finish FNSH finish all over FAO finished floor FNSH FL finished grade FG or FIN GR finish one side F1S finish two sides F2S firebrick FBCK fire door FDR fire extinguisher FEXT fire hydrant FHY fireplace FP fireproof FPRF fire wall FW fixed window FX WDW fixture FXTR flammable FLMB flashing FL flat FL flexible metallic conduit FMC float switch FS floor FL floor drain FD flooring FLG or FLR floor line FL flow switch FLS fluorescent FLUOR or FLUR flush FL flush mount FLMT footing FTG foot per minute FPM foot per second FPS foot switch FTS forward F or FWD foundation FDN four-pole 4P four-pole double-throw switch 4PDT SW four-pole single-throw switch 4PST SW four-pole switch 4PSW frame FR frequency FREQ front view FV full-load amps FLA full-load current FLC full-load torque FLT furnace FUR. furring FUR. fuse FU fuse block FB fuse box FUBX fuse holder FUHLR fusible FSBL future FUT

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G gallon per hour GPH gallon per minute GPM galvanized GALV garage GAR gas G gate G gauge GA generator GEN glass GL or GLS glass block GLB glaze GLZ gold Au grade GR grade line GL gravel GVL gray GY green G or GR gross vehicle weight GVW ground G, GND, GRD, or GRND grounded (outlet) G ground-fault circuit interrupter GFCI ground fault protection of equipment GFPE grounding electrode conductor GEC grounding electrode system GES gypsum GYP gypsum sheathing board GSB H hand-off-auto HOA handrail HNDRL hardboard HBD hardware HDW hardwood HDWD hazardous HAZ header HDR heating HTG heating, air-conditioning, refrigeration HACR heating, ventilating, and air conditioning HVAC heavy-duty HD hertz Hz highway HWY hollow core HC hollow metal door HMD horizontal HOR horsepower HP hose bibb HB hot water HW hot water heater HWH hours HRS hydraulic HYDR I immersion detection circuit interrupter IDCI inch IN. inch per second IPS inch-pound IN. LB infrared IR inside diameter ID instantaneous overload IOL instantaneous-trip circuit breaker ITB insulation INSUL integrated circuit IC interior INT or INTR interlock INTLK intermediate INT intermediate metal conduit IMC International Electrotechnical Commission IEC interrupt INT inverse time breaker ITB inverse-time circuit breaker ITCB iron I iron pipe IP isolated ground IG J jamb JB or JMB joint JT joist J or JST junction JCT junction box JB K key way KWY kick plate KPL kiln-dried KD kilo (1000) k 1000 circular mils kcmil 1000¢ kFT kilovolt amps kVA kilowatt kW kilowatt-hour kWh kitchen K or KIT. knife switch KN SW knockout KO L lamp LT lath LTH laundry LAU laundry tray LT lavatory LAV left L left hand LH less-flammable, liquid-insulated LFLI library LBRY or LIB light LT lighting LTG lighting panel LP lights LTS limit switch LS line L linoleum LINO or LINOL lintel LNTL live load LL living room LR load L location LOC locked-rotor ampacity LRA locked-rotor current LRC louver LVR or LV lumber LBR

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M magnetic brake MB main MN main bonding jumper MBJ main control center MCC manhole MH manual MAN., MN, or MNL manufacturer MFR marble MRB masonry MSNRY masonry opening MO material MATL or MTL maximum MAX maximum working pressure MWP mechanical MECH medicine cabinet MC medium MED memory MEM metal MET or MTL metal anchor MA metal door METD metal flashing METF metal jalousie METJ metal lath and plaster MLP metal threshold MT mezzanine MEZZ miles per gallon MPG miles per hour MPH minimum MIN mirror MIR miscellaneous MISC molding MLDG monolithic ML mortar MOR motor M, MOT, or MTR motor branch-circuit, short-circuit, ground-fault MBCSCGF motor circuit switch MCS motor control center MCC motor starter M motor switch MS mounted MTD

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N nameplate NPL National Electrical Code® NEC® National Electrical Manufacturers Association NEMA National Electrical Safety Code NESC National Fire Protection Association NFPA negative NEG net weight NTWT neutral N or NEUT nominal NOM nonadjustable-trip circuit breaker NATCB non-time delay fuse NTDF normally closed NC normally open NO north N nosing NOS not to scale NTS number NO. O Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA ohmmeter OHM. on center OC opaque OPA opening OPNG open web joist OJ or OWJ orange O ounces per inch OZ/IN. outlet OUT. outside diameter OD overall OA overcurrent OC overcurrent protection device OCPD overhang OVHG overhead OH. overload OL overload relay OL P paint PNT painted PTD pair PR panel PNL pantry PAN. parallel PRL peak-to-peak P-P perpendicular PERP personal computer PC phase PH piece PC piling PLG pillar PLR pilot light PL piping PP pitch P plank PLK plaster PLAS plastic PLSTC plate PL plate glass PLGL plugging switch PLS plumbing PLMB or PLBG plywood PLYWD pneumatic PNEU point of beginning POB pole P polyvinyl chloride PVC porcelain PORC porch P positive POS pound(s) LB pounds per feet LB-FT pounds per inch LB-IN. pounds per square foot PSF pounds per square inch PSI power P or PWR power consumed P power factor PF precast PRCST prefabricated PFB or PREFAB prefinished PFN pressure switch PS primary switch PRI property line PL pull box PB pull switch PS pull-up torque PUT pushbutton PB

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Q quadrant QDRNT quantity QTY quarry tile QT quarry-tile roof QTR quart QT quick-acting QA R radius R raintight RT random RDM or RNDM range R or RNG receipt of comments ROC receipt of proposals ROP receptacle RECEPT or RCPT recess REC recessed REC rectifier REC red R reference REF refrigerator REF register REG or RGTR reinforce RE reinforced concrete RC reinforcing steel RST reinforcing steel bar REBAR required REQD resistance R resistor R or RES return RTN reverse R or REV reverse-acting RACT revision REV revolutions per minute RPM revolutions per second RPS rheostat RH ribbed RIB right R right hand RH rigid RGD riser R road RD roll roofing RR roof RF roof drain RD roofing RFG room R or RM root mean square RMS rotor RTR rough RGH rough opening RO rough sawn RS S safety switch SSW sanitary SAN scale SC schedule SCH or SCHED screen SCR scuttle S secondary SEC section SECT selector switch SS series S service SERV service entrance SE service factor SF sewer SEW. shake SHK sheathing SHTHG sheet SH or SHT sheet metal SM shelf and rod SH & RD

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shelving SHELV shingle SHGL shower SH shutter SHTR siding SDG silicon controlled rectifier SCR sill cock SC silver Ag single-phase 1PH single-pole SP single-pole circuit breaker SPCB single-pole double-throw SPDT single-pole double-throw switch SPDT SW single-pole single-throw SPST single-pole single-throw switch SPST SW single-pole switch SP SW single strength glass SSG sink S or SK skylight SLT slate S, SL, or SLT sliding door SLD slope SLP slow S smoke detector SD socket SOC soffit SF soil pipe SP solenoid SOL solid core SC south S spare SP specification SPEC splash block SB square SQ square foot SQ FT square inch SQ IN. square yard SQ YD stack STK stainless steel SST stairs ST standard STD standpipe SP starter START or STR steel STL stone STN storage STOR street ST structural glass SG sump pump SP supply SPLY surface four sides S4S surface one side S1S switch S or SW switched disconnect SWD T telephone TEL television TV temperature TEMP tempered TEMP terazzo TER terminal T or TERM. terminal board TB terra cotta TC thermal THRM thermally protected TP thermostat THERMO thermostat switch THS three-phase 3PH three-pole 3P three-pole double-throw 3PDT three-pole single-throw 3PST three-way 3WAY three-wire 3W threshold TH time T time delay TD time-delay fuse TDF time delay relay TR toilet T tongue-and-groove T & G torque T transformer T, TRANS, or XFMR transformer, primary side H transformer, secondary side X tread TR triple-pole double-throw 3PDT triple-pole double-throw switch 3PDT SW triple-pole single-throw 3PST triple-pole single-throw switch 3PST SW triple-pole switch 3P SW truss TR two-phase 2PH two-pole DP two-pole double-throw DPDT two-pole single-throw DPST typical TYP U unclamp UCL underground UGND underground feeder UF undervoltage UV Underwriters Laboratories Inc. UL unexcavated UNEXC unfinished UNFIN up U utility room U RM V valley VAL valve V vapor seal VS vaportight VT vent V ventilation VENT. vent pipe VP vent stack VS vertical V or VERT vinyl tile VTILE or VT violet V volt V voltage E or V voltage drop VD volt amps VA volts V volts alternating current VAC volts direct current VDC volume VOL W wainscot WAIN walk-in closet WIC warm air WA washing machine WM waste pipe WP waste stack WS water WTR water closet WC water heater WH water meter WM waterproof WP watt(s) W weatherproof WP welded WLD welded wire fabric WWF west W white W wide flange WF wire gauge WG wire mesh WM with W/ without W/O wood WD wrought iron WI Y yellow Y

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A - “A” loan Standard World Bank loan. “A” 类贷款世界银行发放的标准贷款 abatement technologies Technologies designed to reduce (but not eliminate) the amount of pollutants released into the environment, e.g. from a factory. 减排技术，减污技术减少（但不是消除）工厂等向环境中排放的污染物数量的技术。 above quota 超限额，超配额 above the line (item) A customary balance-sheet or revenue-or-expense position in a financial statement as compared to a below the line item. 线上（条目） 财务报表中常规的资产负债或损益状况。相对于线下条目而言。 absolute poor Those with an average annual per capita income of less than that needed to pay for a minimum consumption basket, based on the food necesary for a recommended calorie intake, and for nonfood needs, consistent with the spending patterms of the poor. This rate will vary from country to country. 绝对贫困者， 赤贫者指人均年收入不足以支付最低消费需求的人。最低消费需求是根据能满足建议卡路里摄入量的食物需求和与贫困人口支出模式相一致的食物需求决定的。这一标准因国家而异。 Absorption accounting; full cost accounting 全额成本记帐法 absorptive capacity 吸收能力 abstract (of a publication) (出版物的）摘要，概括，概要 academic research 学术研究 accelerate a loan 加速贷款准备工作 accelerated depreciation Depreciation at a higher than usual rate in the early years of an asset’s life and a lower than usual rate in the later years of its life. 加速折旧, 快速折旧指一种折旧方法，即在一项资产的使用年限中初期各年采用高于通常的折旧率，而在后期各年采用低于通常的折旧率。 accelerated recall [MOV] 加速回收（货币）[保值] accelerated recovery Recovery of currency used in lending operations subject to maintenance of [size=+0]value. Recovery is accelerated at the request of the member, provided that such recovery does not result in a material reduction of the sum of repurchases. 加速回收（货币）贷款业务中为保值而采用的货币回收方式。加速回收是在成员国的要求下进行的，前提是这种回收不会导致回购额的实际减少。 acceleration of maturity (of a loan) [IBRD] Declaration by a lender that the outstanding principal is due and payable immediately, together with the interest due, following non-compliance with loan covenants. （ 贷款）提前到期[国际复兴开发银行] 由于（借款人）未能履行贷款协议的条款，贷款人宣布贷款余额的未偿本金立即到期，并要求连同应付利息一起偿还。 acceptance, accepting house [UK] Merchant bank in the U.K. specializing in accepting bills of exchange. 承兑；票据承兑银行 [英国] 英国专门负责承兑汇票的商人银行。 acceptance; bank acceptance; banker's acceptance A bill of exchange which has been accepted by a banker. 承兑；银行承兑；银行承兑票据指银行已经接收的汇票。 acceptance rate (by beneficiaries of a project) （项目受益人的）受益率 access, entrance, leading, channel, fairway* 进入，准入，门路，渠道，途径用于将收益和成本的终值换算为相应现值的折 现率。 accession 到达，接近，增加，增加物，（法律）财产自然accounting rate of return* 增益，加入（条约等） 会计收益率 accomodating policy* accounting ratio 融通政策Ratio of accounting price to market price of a good. 会计比率accommodation type 货物的会计价格与市场价格的比率。融通类型 accounting unit accountability A business enterprise or other economic unit for 会计责任，经营责任which a system of accounts is maintained. 会计核算单位accounting 指设有会计制度的企业或其他经济单位。会计 亦见accrual (basis) accounting; business accounting; cost accounting; current cost ([size=+0]value) accounting; double entry accounting; full cost accounting; general price level accounting; inflation accounting; job order accounting; management accounting; managerial accounting; single-entry accounting; social accounting matrix; standard cost accounting; stock accounting accounting entries; entries The record of a transaction in a book of accounts. 会计分录；帐项在帐簿中对一笔交易的记录。 accounting period 会计期，会计结算期accounts payable Amounts due and payable to third parties for goods and/or services purchased for which payments have not been made. 应付帐款购进货物和（ 或）劳务之后，对第三方应付而尚未支付的金额。 accounts receivable; receivables Amounts due from others within one year of report date for goods and/or services sold in the normal course of business, but for which payment(s) have not been received. 应收帐款报告日之后一年内，按正常途径售出的商品和（或）劳务从他人处应收而尚未收讫的付款。 accounting practices accrual 会计业务，会计实务，核算惯例应计 accounting price 见nonaccrual status; overaccruals A price used for accounting purposes (i.e. not a accrual (basis) accounting market price). Often used synonymously with shadow price. 会计价格，帐目价格用于会计目的的价格（即，不是市场价格），常常作为影子价格的同义词使用。 accounting procedure 会计程序A form of accounting wherein all transactions are recognized and recorded at the time income is earned or expenditures are incurred, irrespective of whether or not cash is paid or received. 权责发生会计制指一种记帐形式，即对所有交易均在获得收入或发生支出时给予认定和记录，不管是否已经支付或收到现金。 accounting rate of interest - ARI accrual rate Discount rate used to convert future [size=+0]values of The rate at which interest is accrued. In pensions, benefits and costs into equivalent present [size=+0]values. the rate at which benefits accrue. 会计利率（简写为ARI） 应计比率 利息的应计率。用于养老金时指福利应计比率。 accruals Revenues and expenditures recognized as earned or incurred and recorded in the financial statement of the periods to which they relate. 应记项目，应计收支额已认定并记入相应时期财务报表的收到或发生的支出。 accrued depreciation; accumulated depreciation The total depreciation suffered by an asset or asset group, based on customary or fairly determined rates or estimates of useful life. 应计折旧；累计折旧一项资产或资产组合按照常规的或公平确定的比率，或按预计使用计算的折旧总额。 accrued income Income earned but neither received nor past due. 应计收益（收入），应收未收收益未收到也未到期的已获收入。 accrued interest - AI Interest earned but not yet due and payable. 应计利息，应收利息，累计利息（简写为AI） 指尚未到期和未付的已获利息。 accrued liabilities An amount of interest, wages or other expenses recognized or incurred but not paid. 应计负债，应付未付债务，累计负债已确认或已发生但尚未支付的利息、工资或其他支出额。 accrued loan commissions Loan commissions earned but not paid. 应计贷款佣金已获但尚未支付的贷款佣金。 accumulated depreciation 累计折旧 见 accrued depreciation accumulated profit [accounting] 累计利润 [会计] achievement tests [education] Test for measuring learner's present ability in a particular subject or skill (as opposed to his potential ability). 成绩测验，学业水平测验[教育] 用于测定学习者在某一特定学科或技能方面的现有能力（相对于其潜在能力而言）的测验。 acid deposition 酸沉降 acid rain 酸雨 acid-test ratio; liquid ratio; quick ratio The standard IBRD definition is the ratio of cash plus marketable securities plus accounts receivable plus other amounts readily convertible into cash to current liabilities. Other definitions include ratio of current assets less inventories to current liabilities, ratio of quick assets to current liabilities, ratio of cash plus near-cash assets to current liabilities, and ratio of cash plus accounts receivable plus the market [size=+0]value of selected investments to current liabilities. 酸性试验比率；流动比率；速动比率国际复兴开发银行的标准定义是现金、可出售证券、应收帐款和其他随时可兑换成现金的总额与流动负债之间的比率。其他定义还有：流动资产减去存货与流动负债的比率；速动资产与流动负债的比率；现金加近似现金的资产与流动负债的比率；现金、应收帐款和某些投资的市价与流动负债的比率等。 ACP countries [Lomé Convention] European Union country classification, consisting of countries that have established a cooperation scheme (the Lomé Convention) with the European Union. Consists primarily of the former colonies of the European Union members. 非洲、加勒比海、太平洋国家[洛美公约] 欧盟国家类别，包括那些同欧盟建立了某种合作方案（洛美公约）的国家，主要是欧盟成员国的前殖民地。 acquired immune-deficiency syndrome - AIDS 获得性免疫力缺乏综合症－艾滋病（简写为AIDS） act of state Legal theory according to which the courts of one country should abstain from passing judgment about the legality of a sovereign act. 国家行为一种法学理论。认为一个国家的法院不得对该国主权行为的合法性作出判决。 action plan 行动计划 见mitigation plan active borrower Country that still receives World Bank loans. 当前借款国目前仍然接受世界银行贷款的国家 active loan A loan on which disbursement is still being made. 当前贷款正处于支付阶段的贷款。 activity brief [EDI] 活动简报[经济发展学院] actual costs Amounts determined on the basis of costs incurred as opposed to forecasted costs. 实际费用实际发生的费用，区别于预测费用。 actual figures 实际数字 actuarial lump sum 精算总数 ad valorem (customs) duty A tax or duty levied as a given proportion of the [size=+0]value of a commodity or service. It grows with inflation. 从价税（关税）按照商品或服务的价值的一定比例征收的税或关税。这种税随通货膨胀而增长。 adaptive research Research which adapts to local conditions. 适用研究为适应当地条件而进行的研究。 additionality Used to refer to the provision of extra loan flows to developing countries. 额外贷款曾经用来指向发展中国家提供的额外贷款 additional facility [ICSID] 追加的融通资金[解决投资争端国际中心] Additional Facility Rules [ICSID] 融通资金追加条例[解决投资争端国际中心] adjective law; procedural law 程序法 adjustable peg [foreign exchange] 可调整钉住汇率[外汇] adjustment 调整 adjustment aid 调整援助 admeasurement countract 单元?合同见unit price contract administered arbitration system [ICSID] 执行的仲裁制度[解决投资争端国际中心] administered price The price per unit of commodity where the amount to be paid or received is directly established or substantially influenced by a controlling agent. Such a price is ordinarily the result of planned control. Includes ceiling prices, support prices and fixed rates (government) and base prices, computed prices and millnet or netback prices (industry). 管制价格，控制价格，操纵价格由代理人直接确定或受代理人强大影响的商品应付或应收的单位价格。这种价格一般是由有计划的控制造成的，其中包括（政府）上限价格、支持价格、固定利率，以及（工业）基础价格、推算价格、以及厂盘净价或出厂净价。 administrative machinery 行政机构 advance account 预付款帐户 advance contracting In World Bank loans, procedure whereby the borrower enters into a contract before the signing of the relevant loan agreement. 先期合同指借款人在向世界银行申请贷款的过程中，签定有关贷款协议之前签定的合同。 advance contribution scheme (for IDA-10) 先期提供捐款资金计划（国际开发协会第10次增 资）advanced training 高级培训 advance deposit 预缴押金adverse selection [MIGA] （风险的）逆向选择[多边投资担保机构] advance deposit requirements (on imports) （ 进口）预缴押金条件，预缴定金要求advocate [ICSID] 辩护律师[解决投资争端国际中心] advance payment 预付款aeromagnetic survey; airmag survey 航空地磁探测 advance payment bond A bank bond guaranteeing the advance payment affiliate made by the employer to the contractor in case of 附属公司，子公司，联营公司，联号bankruptcy or other cause. 先期付款契约affiliate bank 一种银行契约，保证雇主在破产或其他情况下，联营银行，分行，联属银行向承包人先行付款。 affordability advance payment security 承担能力，承受能力A bank security guaranteeing the advance payment made by the employer to the contractor in case of affordability ratio bankruptcy or other cause. 可承受比率先期付款保证见housing expenses/income ratio 一种银行担保，保证雇主在破产或其他情况下， 向承包人先期付款。afforestation 造林，绿化 advance procurement action Initiating and processing the procurement, up to the age-standardized death rate point where bids have been received and evaluated Death rate corrected so as to allow for the effects of and an award decided upon. It stops short of the differences in age structure of a population. entering into a contract, to avoid committing the 年龄标准化死亡率borrower before the Bank funding for the operation 根据（一国）人口年龄结构差异的影响修正的死is assured. 亡率。 先期采购行动 借款人着手办理采购事宜，直至收到标书、评标agency line; credit line on a agency basis [IFC] 并确定授标为止。它止于合同签定之前，以避免代理机构信贷额度 [国际金融公司] 在世界银行提供项目贷款得到保证之前，使借款 人承担义务。agency (line) subprojects 代理机构（信贷额度）子项目 advance repayment 提前清偿，预付agency securities, obligations [U.S.] 政府机构证券，债务 [美国] advanced export payments 出口预付款agent 代理advanced farmer 亦见 billing agent； buying agent； extension agent； 技术先进农民field agent； fiscal agent； procurement agent advanced studies agent [bank syndicate] 高级研究代理人 [银行辛迪加] agent [ICSID] 代理人 [解决投资争端国际中心] agent bank 1. 1. Bank acting for a foreign bank. 2. 2. Bank handling administration of loan in a syndicated credit. 代理银行 1. 1. 为外国银行作代理的银行。 2. 2. 管理辛迪加（银行集团）贷款的银行。 agglomeration economies Economies of scale resulting from urban concentration. Cf. localization economies, urbanization economies. 聚集经济城市集中化所产生的规模经济（参见localization economies, urbanization economies）。 Aggregate 总计，累计，累积 aggregate demand 总需求 aggregate measure of support - AMS A way of measuring domestic agricultural support, proposed by the European Union, whereby all government support provided to a specific farm product is measured. 农业支持综合衡量（简写为AMS） 由欧盟提出的一种衡量对国内农业支持的方法，可衡量对某一农产品提供的全部政府支持。 aggregate model A mathematical model which models a combined sample instead of several units in a group, e.g. it takes representative factors for a farm instead of modeling a number of farms and the interactions between them. 综合模式，总（体）模式一种数学模型，对综合样本而不是一个群体中的若干单位进行模拟。例如，它从一个农场抽取有代表性的因素而不是对若干个农场及其相互作用进行模拟。 aggregative planning 总体计划，宏观计划 aging schedule [accounts receivable] Classification of accounts receivable according to whether they are current or past due. If past due they are classified into categories based upon the period when they became due. 帐龄分类表 [应收帐款] 对应收帐款根据本期或过期进行的分类。如已过 期，则根据其到期时间进行分类。 agreed budget plan; contract plan A selective statement of the major tasks and performance indicators - including dates and anticipated costs - to be used in tracking and evaluating quarterly progress during the budget year. A cornerstone of the Bank's budget policy. Both terms are used, though agreed budget plan is the official one. 议定预算计划；承包计划主要任务和业绩指标（包括日期和预计费用）的选择性报表，用来跟踪和评价预算年度中每个季度的进度，是世界银行预算政策的一个基石。虽然“议定预算计划”（agreed budget plan ）一词更为正式，但这两个词是可以通用的。 agreement to reimburse 支付协议见 irrevocable agreement to reimburse; qualified agreement to reimburse agribusiness; agroindustries; agro-based industry; agroprocessing industries 农业综合企业；农工联合体；农基产业；农产品加工业 agricultural credit intermediary 农业信贷中介机构 agricultural extension 农业（技术）** agricultural extension officer - AEO 农业技术**官员（简写为AEO） agricultural production and export (APEX) bank 农产品生产与出口（简写为 APEX ）银行 agricultural production and export (APEX) cooperative 农产品生产与出口（简写为APEX ）合作社 agricultural sector adjustment loan - ASAL [World Bank] 农业部门调整贷款（简写为ASAL）[世界银行] agriculturist 农学家 agro-based industry 农基企业；农业关联产业 agro-economist 农业经济学家 agroforestry 农林业 agroindustries 农工综合企业 agroprocessing 农产品加工 agroprocessing industries 农产品加工业 agrosupport industry 支农工业 aid dependency Refers to the poorest countries that need foreign aid merely to maintain their present low quality of life. 援助依赖国指那些需要外国援助，但不过仅能以此维持目前低生活质量的最贫穷国家。 air dried ton A ton of an agricultural product which has been dried in the air and will therefore weigh less than the same quantity not dried in the air. 风干吨风干后的一吨农产品，重量上轻于未经风干的等量农产品。 airmag survey; aeromagnetic survey 航空地磁探测 airshed An area with similar air mix and affected by the same air pollution sources, thereby having similar air quality. 空气区域指由于具有相似的大气构成并受到同一空气污染源影响、因而空气质量相似的区域。 algae, algal bloom Proliferation of algae due to excessive release of nitrogen and phosphorus (e.g. from fertilizer runoff or detergents). 藻类；藻类繁盛由于氮和磷（例如肥料和洗涤用品）的过度排放而引起的藻类大量生长。 all risk insurance 全风险保险，包全险 alley cropping; strip cropping Growing two or more crops in alternating strips or blocks on the same piece of land at the same time. 条植法；条播法在同一块田里按条或块同时种植两种或两种以上的作物。 allocated costs 调拨成本，已分摊成本 allocation of loan proceeds 贷款资金的分配 allocation of net income 净收入的分配 allocation of profits; appropriation of profits 利润分配；利润拨付 allocation of resources 资源分配，资源配置 allotment [budget] 分配，拨款（预算） allowance for contingencies; reserve for contingencies; contingency allowance 应急筹备金，意外事件准备金 allowance for depreciation 折旧备抵见reserve for depreciation alternative [projects] 供选择的（项目），备选（项目），备选方案 [项目] alternative bid [procurement] 副标 [采购] alternative energy 代用能源 amendment, amending agreement 修正案；修正协定 amendments to the Articles of Agreement 《协定》修正案 American short staple cotton; Arabian cotton; herbaceous cotton; Levant cotton 美国短绒棉；阿拉伯棉；草本棉；黎凡特棉 amortization schedule 分期偿付计划，分期偿付时间表 andropogon Grass used for erosion control. 须芒草 用于控制水土流失的一种草。 animal husbandry 畜牧业 animal unit - AU Measurement based upon the amount of feed eaten and manure produced by an average mature horse or cow or the equivalent. The equivalent is taken to be two heifers over one year, four calves under one year, seven ewes or bucks, two and a half brood sows or boars, five hogs raised to 200 pounds each or 100 hens. 牲畜单位（简写为AU） 一种度量单位，以一头成熟的马或母牛或与其相当的牲畜一年所食用的饲料和产生的粪便为依据。其量值为两头一岁以上的小母牛；四头不足一岁的小牛；七头公羊或母羊；两头半母猪或公猪；五头养到200磅的猪；或100只母鸡。 annotated agenda 注明的议程，加注议程 announcement effect The change in market price or other economic condition that occurs upon the mere knowledge of something later that will cause the change. For example, if a developer plans to buy land for a shopping center, land prices will rise when his intentions are known. 宣布效应指种仅仅由于得知某种会造成变化的事件以后而引起的市场价格或其他经济条件发生变化的效应。例如，一个开发商计划购买地皮建造购物中心，当其意向被人得知后，地价就会上扬。 Annual Meeting [ICSID] 年会 [解决投资争端国际中心] Annual Meetings (of the Boards of Governors) of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund 世界银行和国际货币基金组织（理事会）年会 annualization 年度化，年率化，按年计算 annuity bond Bond on which interest is paid indefinitely and which has no maturity date. 年金债券无限期支付利息，无到期日的债券 annuity system [debt service] 年金制，年度还本付息制 [ 偿债] annuity-type repayment terms 年金式偿付条件 anthracite; hard coal 无烟煤；硬煤 anticipatory rate setting - ARS Similar to deferred rate setting but which allows purchaser to lock in the underlying Treasury yield at one or more points in time preceding the date of the issue. 预期确定利率（简写为ARS） 与递延确定利率相类似，但允许购买者在美国财政部的长期证券发行日之前，锁住某个或多个时间的收益率。 antidumping duty 反倾销税 apex bank, cooperative 农产品出口银行，农产品出口合作社见agricultural production and export bank, cooperative apex bank, institution Institution receiving money from the World Bank under an apex loan which it, in turn, onlends to other borrowers. 农产品生产与出口银行，机构接受世界银行农产品生产与出口贷款再转贷给其他借款人的机构。 apex loan Loan whereby IBRD lends money to an apex development financial unit which onlends it to participating financial institutions which, in turn, onlend it to industrial companies. 农产品生产与出口贷款国际复兴开发银行向某一农产品生产与出口发展金融单位提供贷款，该单位在接受贷款后先转贷给参与的金融机构，然后再由后者转贷给实业公司。 apex report Quarterly report issued on the previous quarter's budget. They show the extent to which agreed budget plans are being implemented and highlight areas where corrective action or resource redeployment would be appropriate. 农产品生产与出口（货款）报告关于上一季度预算的季报。该季报显示经同意的预算计划的执行情况，并着重说明适于采取纠正措施或重新配置资金的方面。 application fee [MIGA] Fee charged for every definitive application for a guarantee filed with MIGA. 申请费 [多边投资担保机构] 对多边投资担保机构提出的每一正式担保申请 所收取的费用。 application for membership 入会申请，加入世界银行的申请 application for withdrawal (from loan account or credit account) （从贷款帐户或信贷帐户中）提款申请 application of funds 资金申请 applied research 应用研究 appraisal (technical and economic) （技术和经济）评估 appraisal fee [IFC] Fee levied under various IFC facilities (APDF, MLF), payable by borrower at time of signing relevant loan agreement. 评估费 [国际金融公司] 国际金融公司各种基金（非洲项目发展基金等） 所征收的费用，在签定相应的贷款协定时由借款 人支付。 appraisal mission 评估团 appraisal team [IFC] The investment officer, engineer and economist for a project. 评估小组 [国际金融公司] 由投资官员、工程师和经济学家为某一项目的评 估组成的小组。 appreciation (in [size=+0]value) 增值，升值 approach paper Issues paper 探讨问题的文件 appropriate technology - AT The application of a technology appropriate for the factor endowment that exists. As developing countries usually have a large labor force and relatively little spare investment capital, labor-intensive industries are appropriate for them. 适用技术，适用工艺（简写为 AT） 适合于现有生产要素的技术。例如， 发展中国家 通常拥有大量的劳动力，而相对缺乏投资资金， 因此劳动集约型产业对他们来说是适用的。 appropriation [budget] 拨款 [预算] appropriation law [US] US statute that generally provides authorization for federal agencies to incur obligations and to make payments out of the Treasury for specified purposes. 拨款法 [美国 ] 一项美国法规，授权联邦机构为特定目的承担义 务，并从国库中提取资金进行支付。 appropriation of profits; allocation of profits 利润拨付；利润分配 aqua privy Consists essentially of a squatting plate situated immediately above a small septic tank that discharges its effluent to an adjacent soakaway. 蹲式冲水厕所这种厕所的蹲坑设在一个小型便池上，粪便由此排入临近的储便池。 Arabian cotton; American short staple cotton; Levant cotton; herbaceous cotton 阿拉伯棉；美国短绒棉；黎凡特棉；草本棉 Arabian crude 阿拉伯轻原油 见light Arabian crude arbitrage 仲裁 见 covered interest arbitrage; tax arbitrage arbitrage pricing theory - APT An economic theory that determines prices of assets and the associated risk premia for each kind of pervasive risk assets face, on the assumption that the expected return of an arbitrage portfolio is zero. 套利定价理论一种经济理论，在假设套利资产组合的预期收益为零的条件下，确定资产价格及每种具有普遍性风险的资产所面临的相关风险溢价。 Arbitral Tribunal [ICSID; MIGA] 仲裁法庭 [ 解决投资争端国际中心；多边投资担保机构] arbitration clause Clause in contract requiring some or all disputes between the parties to be settled by arbitration, usually final, rather than litigation. 仲裁条款合同中的一项条款，要求合同各方将其某些或所有争议以仲裁方式解决，通常为最终裁决，而不是付诸诉讼。 Arbitration Rules [ICSID] 仲裁规则 [解决投资争端国际中心 ] arbitrator [ICSID] 仲裁人 [ 解决投资争端国际中心 ] area development 地区开发，区域开发 area of operational emphasis - AOE Sectors which the Bank wishes to give specific focus to. They include poverty reduction and food security; debt, financial intermediation, and adjustment; human-resource development; private-sector development and public-sector management; and environment and natural-resource management. 业务重点领域（简写为AOE） 世界银行期望在业务上给予重点关注的部门，包括减贫和粮食安全；债务、金融中介和调整；人力资源开发；私营部门发展和公共部门管理；以及环境和自然资源管理。 area specific project 特定领域项目 arm's length contract Contract negotiated on an equal basis between two parties, excluding favoritism or irregularity. 公平合同双方在平等基础上谈判达成的合同，排除徇私或不正常行为。 arm's length negotiation 公平谈判 arm's length price Price between corporations under fully competitive conditions (the opposite of transfer price). 公平价格公司之间在充分竞争的条件下形成的价格（相对于转帐价格而言）。 arm's length principle 公平交易原则，公平计价原则 arrearage；arrears* 欠款；（未付清款项的）尾数 Articles of Agreement [IBRD，IDA，IFC，IMF]* 《协定》[国际复兴开发银行，国际开发协会，国际金融公司，国际货币基金组织] articles of incorporation 公司条例，公司章程 ash farming; burn-beating; burning Cutting and burning rough fallow on land to prepare for tillage. 刀耕火种在杂草丛生的荒地上割草焚烧以备耕作。 Assessed income 核定所得，估定所得 assessment for tax; tax assessment 征税估价；税额核定 asset and liability management 资产负债管理 [亦见liability management] asset price inflation Steep increase in equity and property prices. 资产价格膨胀股本和资产价格高速增长。 asset quality ratios Ratios that measure the quality of assets of a lending institution. They include ratio of undisbursed loans to disbursements, reserves to disbursed loans and loans to rescheduling countries to total loans outstanding. 资产质量比率衡量贷款机构资产质量的各种比率。其中包括未支付贷款与已支付额的比率；准备金与已支付贷款额的比率；给予债务重组国的贷款额与未偿还贷款总余额的比率。 asset stripping When a company takes over another company and sells off for profit the valuable assets of the company taken over, usually because these assets have been under[size=+0]valued by the stock market. 资产流失一家公司接管另一家公司并出售其有价值的资产以赢利。它这样做通常是由于证券市场低估了这些资产的价值。 assets Physical objects or rights which have economic [size=+0]value. 资产具有经济价值的物质财产或权利。 assignee 受让人，受托人，被指定人 assignment agreement 转让协议 assignor 转让人 associated cost The [size=+0]value of goods and services over and above those goods and services included in the project costs incurred to make the immediate products or services of the project available for sale. Used in US Government practice for computing the benefit-cost ratio at market prices. 相关成本 指为使项目的直接产品或服务能够立即出售而确定的价值，它高于项目成本中货物和服务的价值。它是美国政府按市场价格计算效益成本比率的做法。 associated crops, cropping Growing two or more different crops on the same piece of land. 间种；套种在同一块地上种植两种或两种以上的不同作物 associated gas Gas deposit capping an oil deposit. 伴生天然气油田上面的天然气储层 at the margin The last point of production or consumption. 处于边际，处于临界状态处于生产或消费的临界点。 attachment [legal] Act or process of seizing property by virtue of a writ or other legal order to satisfy a judgment to be entered in action subsequent to the attachment. 扣押，查封财产 [法律] 为执行扣押后裁决，凭令状或其它法律命令所采 取的没收财产的行动或程序。 Attitude Survey [IBRD] 态度调查 [国际复兴开发银行] attrition rate 损耗率 audit 审计 亦见 energy audit; internal audit; passthrough audit; project audit; project performance audit, memorandum, report; tax audit audit, to （进行）审计 audit [energy] 审计 [能源] audit [finance] Inspection of accounting or other records in order to provide a basis for third-party evaluation or appraisal. 审计 [财务] 为向第三方提供评价或评估的依据，对会计或其authorized share capital 它记录进行检查。法定股本 audit [projects] autoconsumption of food 审计 [项目] 粮食生产者的自身消费 audit; management audit [management] automatic resetting mechanism [IFC] A review and appraisal of any or all parts of In an IFC fixed rate loan, an option under which the management activity. interest rate would be reset every five years, based 审计；管理审计 [管理] on current interest rates. As a result, the initial loan 对管理活动的任何一部分或全部进行审计和评rate would be around 1% less than the normal fixed 估。term rate. 利率自动重新确定机制 [国际金融公司] audit mission; evaluation mission 国际金融公司固定利率贷款的一种形式，其利率审计团；评价团每隔五年可根据当时的利率重新进行确定。因 此，最初的贷款利率可比正常的固定利率低1% audit report 左右。审计报告见 project performance audit report availability [transportation] 可用性 [运输] audited statement of accounts 经审计的帐目报表availability fee [IFC] Fee set by IFC, initially at 0.25%, which would auditor guarantee a borrower that the rate set for a loan on 审计员，审计师signing would remain in force when the loan became effective. authenticated specimen of signature 有效费 [国际金融公司] 经正式鉴定的签字样本国际金融公司制定的一种费用。最初为0.25%， 用以向借款人保证贷款签定时所确定的贷款利authority [IDA] 率在贷款生效后将继续有效。当局，权利 [国际开发协会] 见 commitment authority average earning assets - AEA Average interest return on earning assets less authority [legal] average rate of borrowing costs. 授权 [法律 ] 平均创收资产（简写为AEA） 创收资产的平均利息收益减去平均借款成本。 authorized bank 授权银行 authorized capital stock [MIGA] For MIGA, it equals one billion Special Drawing Rights. 法定股本[多边投资担保机构] 多边投资担保机构的法定股本相当于十亿特别 提款权。 average effective tax rate - AETR Ratio of total revenues collected through the company's income tax to the company's economic profit. 平均实际税率（简写为AETR） 通过公司所得税收取的总收入与公司经济利润的比率。 average incremental cost - AIC authorized officer 平均增量成本（简写为AIC） 授权官员亦见 Long-run average incremental cost 条 authorized positions [personnel] average loan life - ALL 预算内（编制内）职位[人事] A composite indicator of how long a loan remains outstanding. For a specific loan it is calculated by dividing the cumulative debt disbursed and outstanding over the total time the loan is outstanding by the principal amount (net of cancellations). 贷款平均偿付期限（简写为ALL） 表示一笔贷款积欠时间的综合指标。就一笔贷款而言，其计算方法是用该贷款在整个贷款周期内累计支付额和未偿还余额除以本金（ 扣除取消部分后的净额）。 avoidable cost Marginal cost that a corporation can avoid by adopting one solution rather than another. 可避免成本公司可采取某种办法而不是另一种办法即可避免的边际成本。 avoidance 逃税 见 tax avoidance avoided cost 已避免成本 award [contracts] 授标 [合同] award [ICSID] 仲裁赔款[解决投资争端国际中心] awarding committee [contracts] 评标委员会，授标委员会 [合同]

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- Q - qualifications* 资格，合格证明 qualified agreement to reimburse Agreement given by the Bank to a commercial bank to enable a borrower to make purchases under a loan agreement prior to disbursement of the funds. The guarantee is qualified and the Bank has the right to cancel its guarantee should the loan be suspended or cancelled. 有条件偿付协议世界银行向某一商业银行签发的协议，使借款人得以在贷款协议下，在支付资金以前进行采购。这种保证是有条件的，即在该贷款暂停或取消的情况下，世界银行有权撤消它的保证。见irrevocable agreement to reimburse 。 qualified bidder A bidder for a contract who has prequalified, i.e. who has been deemed capable of performing a particular contract satisfactorily based on past performance, quality of staff and equipment and financial position. 合格的投标人指经过资格预审的合同投标商。即根据过去的业绩表现、职工素质、设备质量和财务状况，被认为是能够令人满意地完成某项合同的投标商。 qualified borrowing(s) [currency pool] Originally, borrowings by IBRD after July 1, 1982 (i.e. based on the pool-based variable lending rate), using proxy borrowings. Under the current system (May 1989), they are defined to exclude borrowings that are determined by the Bank to fund investments and any new differentiated loan product should the Bank wish to offer one in the future. The extraction of borrowings that fund investments would be made separately for each currency. The term Qualified Borrowings 1982 is used to describe the old system. 限定性借款[货币总库] 原先是指在1982年7月1日以后使用受托借款的国际复兴开发银行借款（即以总库制资金可变利率为基础的借款）。按现行制度（1989年5月）， 限定性借款不包括世界银行用于投资和其他新的差别性贷款项目（如世界银行在将来拟提供的话）。用于投资的借款按每种货币分别进行提款。“1982年限定性借款”这个术语指的是旧制度。qualified guarantee 附带条件的保证、抵押品 qualified instrument of commitment Agreement by a member country to pay its subscription and contribution in part, with the remainder subject to enactment by its legislature of the necessary legislation. 有条件的承诺协议一个世界银行会员国关于支付其认缴股份和捐赠款的有条件的承诺协议，同意先支付一部分， 其余部分需俟其立法当局通过必要的方案以后再行支付。 qualified majority 合法多数 qualified opinion [auditing] An auditor's opinion that indicates that the auditor has found deficiencies in the financial statements, as regards the accounting (e.g. reservations on acceptability of the accounting policies and their consistent application) or auditing (e.g. timing of appointment after valuation of inventories or other assets) or there is significant uncertainty due, e.g. to the outcome of major lawsuits or other contingent liabilities. 附带条件的意见[审计] 一项审计师意见，表示审计人在财务报表中发现一些问题，如会计（ 例如对会计政策和其应用的一致性方面有保留意见）或审计（例如在存货和其他资产估值后进行的及时委任）方面的问题， 或存在诸如重要的法律诉讼结果未明的不定因素，等等。 qualifying shares Stock, possession of which enables the holder to buy further stock at a predetermined (reduced) price. 保证股拥有保证股意味着将来可按既定价格（折价）购买更多的股票。 qualitative coinsurance Insurance involving two or more underwriters with the different underwriters underwriting different risks pertaining to the same project. (保险业)质量共保 两家或两家以上保险商共同为一个项目下不同 的险种进行保险。 quality loan [IBRD] A Bank loan which has been carefully prepared and is financially viable. 高质量贷款[国际复兴开发银行] 指一项经过仔细准备并在财务上有活力的世界银行贷款。 quality premium 质量升水，质量增价 quantitative coinsurance Insurance involving two or more underwriters with the different underwriters underwriting separate tranches of a single large risk. (保险业)数量共保两家或两家以上保险商共同为一个大险种下的不同部分进行保险。 quantity surveyor （建筑工程）估料师，数量鉴定人 quantity theory of money Theory holding that the overall level of prices is proportional to the size of the money supply. A key monetarist theory. 货币数量学说这种学说认为，整个物价水平是与货币供应量的大小成比例的。这是一种主要的货币学说。 quantum index 数量指数 quasi-equity Includes equity-like instruments and other forms of loans that have the form of equity or equity that has the form of loans. An example is equity with a put agreement, i.e. unlike normal equity, the investor requires return of the equity, for example, in five years at ten percent interest. 准股本，准股权包括类股本票据和其它带有股本形式的贷款或带有贷款形式的股本。例子之一是带有卖方选择权协议的股本，与正规的股本不同，它的投资者要求股本有收益，如在5年之内按10%的利息收取报酬。 quasi-money 准货币 见 near money quayage; wharfage; wharfage charges; dockage 码头费，停泊费 queuing theory, problem Mathematical techniques including probability theory used in operations research to identify, illustrate and, it is hoped, influence the characteristics of queues, whether of people, materials, work-in-progress, etc. 排队理论，排队问题论指一种包含概率论的数学技术，用于业务研究中对排队（不管是人、材料还是正在进行的工作，等等）特点的认定、描述并期望对其施加影响。 quick assets 流动资产见 liquid assets quick disbursing (loan); fast disbursing (loan) 快速支付（贷款） quick maturing investments* 短期投资，迅速到达偿还期的投资 quick ration 速动比率 见 acid-test ratio quick yielding project [IBRD] A project which brings a more rapid return than usual, i.e. after only a few years, and often means faster disbursements. 速见效益项目[国际复兴开发银行] 一个比通常能带来更迅速收益的项目，如只需要 几年时间；通常是指支付较快的项目。 quiet emergency 缓慢出现的灾害 见 slow onset emergency

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B - the production sectors of the economy) and “pull” “B” loan Loan made by the World Bank involving cofinancing. “B”类贷款世界银行发放的涉及到联合融资的贷款。(i.e. the extent of demand generated for the output of a project by an overall expansion of the production sectors of the economy). 前后向一体化，前后向联系“推动”（即由一个发展项目所造成的对一国经济所有生产部门产出需求的扩大）和“拉动”（即一国经济各生产部门的全面扩张所造成的对一个项目产出需求的扩大）。back value value of oil or gas taking the price paid downstream backward integration, linkage for the product less the transportation and other costs The extent of demand which a development project incurred between the wellhead and the downstream place of sale. 回算值；倒求值即扣除运费及其他发生于油井和销售地之间的费用后，成品油或气的价值。 background [education] 学历[教育] generates for the output of all the production sectors of the economy, i.e. the push exercised on the economy by a development project or group of them. 后向一体化，后向联系由一个发展项目造成的对一国经济所有生产部门的产出需求的扩大。如，由一个或一批发展项目对经济所起的推动作用。 background noise bad debt 背景噪音坏账，呆账 background paper badly performing loan 背景文件、背景材料Loan with poor prospects for future gains and a low rate of return. backhaul traffic 履行不佳的贷款，不良贷款Goods carried on a return journey. 指一项未来收益前景不好、回报率低的贷款。回运 货物的回程运输。bag filter; baghouse filter Fabric filter used in industrial operations to recover backstopping valuable matter as well as to control atmospheric Provision of technical support. pollution at the source. 技术援助过滤袋 提供技术援助。用纺织纤维做的过滤口袋，用于在工业生产中回收有价值的物质，对大气污染的源头进行控制。 back-to-back credit 背对背信用证bail out, to back-to-office report - BTO 挽救、拯救 出差情况汇报（简写为BTO） bailout loan Loan made to borrower whose ability to service backup (underwriting) facility outstanding indebtedness has become doubtful. 后备（保险）项目拯救性贷款 backup (underwriting) facility fee 即贷给偿债能力已出现问题的借款人的贷款。 后备（保险）项目费用balance, to (an account) backward-forward integration, linkage 轧平（帐户），平衡（帐目） The “push” (i.e. the extent of demand which a balance carried forward 结转余额 balance of payments 国际贸易差额见 current balance of payments balance of payments position 国际收支状况 balance-of-system costs Cost of auxiliary hardware and installation of electrical systems. 系统配套费用电力系统辅助设备和安装的费用 balance of trade 国际贸易平衡见 trade balance balance sheet 资产负债表 see consolidated balance sheet balances [cash] 余额[现金] balances held on a covered basis 有变现资产作后备的余额（？） balancing equipment Extra equipment (usually small-size) needed to complete a project. 辅助设备完成一个项目所需要的额外设备（通常指小型设备）。 balancing item, entry An entry having the effect of balancing an account. 平衡条目，平衡账项能对帐面起到平衡作用的帐项。 balancing subsidy A subsidy given by the central government to help balance the budget of a local authority. 平衡补贴中央政府为帮助地方政府平衡预算而给予的补贴。 balloon loan A loan repayment scheme, under which the last repayment is larger than the previous repayments. In some cases, the term is used to refer to a scheme, under which the whole loan is repaid at maturity. 一次偿付的金额最后最大的贷款一种贷款偿付方案，即最后一次偿付的金额大于前几次的偿付金额。某些情况下，亦指在贷款到期时一次还清的方案。 balloon payment 最后一笔为最大的分期付款 ballpark figure 大约数字 bank acceptance, bill; banker's acceptance A bill of exchange which has been accepted by a banker. 银行承兑；银行承兑汇票已被银行接受的票据。 bank examiner 银行总监 bank exposure The total of all investments made by a bank. 银行放款总额一个银行的投资总额。 “Bank first” principle Principle according to which the resources of the Bank are drawn down first. Used, for example, in reference to allocation of IBRD funds to IDA where the funds made available by the Bank are used before other funds. “世界银行第一”原则首先使用世界银行资金的原则。例如， 国际复兴开发银行向国际开发协会转拨资金时，采用的原则是首先使用世界银行的资金，然后才使用其他来源的资金。 “Bank last” principle Principle whereby the funds of the Bank are used last. Used, for example, in reference to allocation of IBRD funds to IDA where these funds are drawn down only after all other sources of funds have been used. “世界银行最后”原则最后使用世界银行资金的原则。如国际复兴开发银行向国际开发协会拨转的资金，国际开发协会只能在其他来源的资金用尽之后，才能使用这些资金。 bank money Money on deposit at a bank. 银行存款barter terms of trade is the quantity of imports 存在银行的货币。divided by the quantity of exports. When weighted by the volume of exports the net barter terms of trade bank of issue; issuing bank are called income terms of trade. 发行银行易货贸易条件 根据货物的价值确定的出口货物价格与进口货bank performance 物价格之间的关系。出口价格指数与进口价格指银行业绩数的商为净易货贸易条件（也称商品贸易条件）。见 performance 进口总额除以出口总额为总易货贸易条件。纯易 货贸易条件以出口额加权后，称之为收入贸易条 bank rate [UK] 中央银行贴现率 [英国] 件。bartered exports banker's acceptance; bank acceptance, bill 易货出口 银行承兑票据；银行承兑汇票basal dressing; bottom dressing banker's markup; banker's spread; gross margin; 施底肥 gross earnings margin [banks] base; road base [highways] 银行利差；银行毛利 [银行] The part of the road structure below the base course and above the sub-base. bankable assurances 路床[公路] 银行可承兑的保险、保证基层之下底基之上的道路结构部分。 bankable project base convention 银行可担保的项目基本协议 见 establishment convention bar chart 柱形或条形统计图表base costs; baseline costs 基本成本；基线成本 barefoot doctor 赤脚医生base course [highways] The part of a road structure below the wearing barrels of oil equivalent - boe course and above the road base. The energy equivalent to a barrel of crude oil, i.e. 基层[公路]5.8 million btus. 石油桶数等值（简写为boe） 路面层之下路基之上的道路结构部分。 相当于一桶原油的能源值，即580万英热单位。base (lending) program [IBRD] The lending program of projects that will definitely barrels per day of oil equivalent - bdoe be ready for the fiscal year in question. 每日石油桶数等值（简写为bdoe） 基本（贷款）规划 [国际复兴开发银行] 在某一财政年度内，肯定可以准备好的项目贷款barriers 的规划。 壁垒 见 tariff barriers base load [electricity] The minimum load over a given period of time. barter terms of trade The relationship between the prices of exports and 基底负荷 [电力] prices of imports in terms of the value of goods. Net 在一定时期内的最小负荷。 barter terms of trade (also known as commodity base load station [electricity] terms of trade) is the quotient between an index of A power station where generation is held constant. export prices and an index of import prices. Gross 基底负荷电站 [电力] 发电量恒定的电站。 base year 基准年，基年 baseline costs; base costs 基线成本；基本成本 baseline data 基线数据 baseline survey A preliminary survey. 基线调查指初步调查。 basic account [balance of payments] 基本帐户[国际收支] basic education 基础教育 basic health care 基本卫生保健 basic research 基础研究 basic skills 基本技能 basic subjects 基本科目见 core subjects basin irrigation; level border irrigation Irrigation by division of the field into small units so that each has a nearly level surface. Levees are constructed around the areas forming the basins, within which the irrigation water can be controlled. 畦地漫灌灌溉时，把土地分成小块，使每块地表接近水平，并在四周建立围堤，形成小盆地，以便控制灌溉用水。 basis point 0.01 percent of yield (e.g. of a security). 基点（例如证券）收益的百分之0.01。 basket extractor, exit mechanism [GATT] GATT mechanism that triggers new quotas in the textile field semiautomatically within existing restraint agreements. “出篮子”机制，退出机制 [关贸协定] 关贸总协定的一种机制，它可以在纺织领域现有 的限制协定内，半自动地启动新的配额。 basket unit 多种货币单位，复合货币单位 basket unit of account A unit of account linked to a basket of currencies. 多种货币记帐单位，货币篮子记帐单位与货币篮子相关的记帐单位。 bear market A prolonged period of falling prices. 熊市，空头市场长期跌价期间的证券市场。 bearer bond 无记名债券 “before-and-after” test An analysis of a country or region before and after the completion of a project. “事前事后”试验指在一个项目完成之前和完成之后，对一个国家或地区所作的分析。 beggar-my-neighbor policy Protectionism, usually with the intention of improving domestic employment but without concern that any such gain in employment in one nation must cause an opposite change in employment in the trading partner. “以邻为壑”政策一种保护主义政策，通常指为改善本国就业状况而不顾一国就业的增加必然造成其贸易伙伴就业的减少。 behest project 指令性项目 bellwether (of economic trends) （经济趋势的）前导 below the line (item) An out-of-the-ordinary revenue or expense item or a nonrecurrent item requiring a separate entry in a balance sheet. Compares to above the line item. 线下（条目） 一项需要在资产负债表中单独列出的非常规收 入或支出帐目，或非经常性帐目。相对于线上条目而言。 benchmark crude; marker crude [oil] Saudi Arabian (gravity API 34 degrees) light crude oil employed as the standard on which OPEC price changes have been based. 基准原油 [石油] 指沙特阿拉伯轻原油（美国石油协会比重34度）， 是石油输出国组织据以调整价格的标准。 benchmark jobs 基准工作，基准职位 benchmark portfolio An assessment of the most efficient passive portfolio strategy the Bank could adopt for each major currency if it decided to abandon its active trading strategy while keeping an average portfolio duration of 12 months. 基准证券投资组合指世界银行投资组合战略的一种评价方式，用于当世界银行决定放弃主动交易战略并保持投资组合平均12个月的期限时，确定对每种主要货币可以采取的效率最高的消极投资组合战略。 benchmark price; marker price [oil] The reference price used by OPEC for oil price changes, based on the price of Saudi Arabian light crude oil. 基准价格 [石油] 石油输出国组织在改变石油价格时所使用的参 数价格，其基础是沙特阿拉伯轻原油价格。 benchmark provisioning rate The standard percentage of outstanding principal balance of non-accrual loans set aside for provisioning. 基准准备金比率即积欠本金余额在非应计贷款中的标准比例，用于确定预留准备金。 benchmark spread Standard spread in IFC loans which is added to six-month LIBOR to determine the IFC loan rate. It is based on risk level and is closely aligned with the market, where available, for the risk and maturity in question and will, in general, reflect risk factors related to the particular investment and any special characteristics of the loan. 基准利差指国际金融公司贷款的标准利差。该利差加上6 个月伦敦银行同业拆放利率，用以确定国际金融公司贷款利率。它是与风险程度，市场风险和到期日密切相关的。总的来说，它反映与具体投资相关的风险要素和贷款特征。 beneficial interest Profit, benefit or advantage resulting from a contract for the ownership of an estate as distinct from the legal ownership or control. 受益股权益即从一项资产所有权合同中取得的利润、利益或好处，区别于法定所有权或控制权。 beneficial owner A person who does not have title to property but has rights in the property which are the normal incidents of owning the property. Cf. record owner. 受益所有人指对财产没有所有权但拥有权利的人，这是财产归属方面的正常现象。参见record owner beneficiary assessment 受益人评估 beneficiation [minerals] Improvement of the grade of ore by milling, flotation, sintering, gravity concentration or other processes. 提炼 [矿物] 以碾磨、浮选、烧结、重力精选或其他加工方式， 提高矿砂的等级。 benefit-cost ratio [US]; cost-benefit ratio [UK] 效益成本比率 [ 美国]；成本效益比率 [ 英国] benefit stream A succession of benefits over several years. 连续效益指在若干年内连续取得效益。 benefit taxes [IBRD] A recovery of costs and benefits in a project, considered necessary beyond those through efficiency pricing, if any, or existing general taxes. 收益税 [ 国际复兴开发银行] 一个项目中，通过按照效率定价或按现行一般税 收水平确定收入之后，认为有必要回收的成本和 收益。 benefits [social security] 收益 [社会保障] berth 泊位见 multipurpose berth berthing capacity 泊位容量 berth throughput The handling of ships in a port. 泊位吞吐量，泊位通过能力一个港口处理船只的能力。 best available technology - BAT; best practicable means - BPM In the US, in environmental control, used to refer to environmental control standards which are at least as stringent as the uniform national technology standards but taking into account cost-effectiveness. In other countries, e.g. UK, New Zealand, Norway, the requirements may be more or less stringent than national standards and are legislated for individually by group of facilities or hazards (e.g. large combustion plants). BAT is the US term, BPM the UK term. 最佳可用技术（ 简写为BAT）；最佳可用手段（简写为BPM） 在美国，指环境控制中的一种标准，它的严格程度至少要和统一的国家技术标准相一致，并考虑到成本效益因素。在其他国家，如英国、新西兰、挪威，此类要求的严格程度与国家标准多少有些不同。它们对工厂和公害的类别单独立法（如一些释放废气的大工厂）。BAT 为美国术语；BPM 为英国术语。 “best effort” project [IBRD] A regular Bank project where “best efforts” are used to involve women. “尽其所能”项目 [国际复兴开发银行] 指把妇女最大努力包括进去的普通世界银行项 目。 “best efforts” sale A new issue which is not underwritten and not purchased as a whole from the issuer, but is sold by securities dealers on a “sell what can be sold” basis. Used in the U.S. securities and syndicated Eurocredit markets. “尽力销售”，“尽量代销” 在发行新的证券时，不使用包销，也不采取批发 方式，而是由证券商按“销多少算多少”的原则 销售。用于美国证券和欧洲信贷辛迪加市场。 best practicable means - BPM 最佳实践方法（简写 为BPM） 见 best available technologe - BAT best practice 最佳方法 betterment levy, tax A tax on betterment (i.e. an expenditure to extend the useful life of an existing fixed asset). 改良税一种为改良行为（如一项为延长现有固定资产有效寿命的支出）征课的税。 beverage crop 饮料作物 bias [economy; statistics] 偏向，倾向性 [经济；统计] bid 投标，招标亦见 alternative bid; examination of bids; invitation to bid; lowest evaluated bid; model bid documents; takeover bid; unsuccessful bid bid bond, garantee, security Financial or other security supplied by a bidder when the bid is submitted which guarantees that he will not withdraw his bid during the period of bid validity specified on the bid form, will execute the contract form, if required, and will supply performance security. If he fails to do any of these the security is forfeit. The security is refundable if the bid is unsuccessful. 投标保证金，押标金投标人在投标时提供的财务或其他担保，保证不会在标书确定的投标有效期内撤标；如需要，他将编制合同书，并提供履约保证金。假如他不履行其中的任何一项，保证金将被没收。如果落标， 保证金将退还。 bid documents 招标文件见 model bid documents bid form A document submitted by the bidder for a contract which offers to supply and deliver the goods and/or services which are the subject of the bid, in accordance with the conditions of contract and specifications. In the document the bidder undertakes to commence delivery within a specified amount of days and obtain a performance security. 标书，投标表格指投标人为取得合同而提出的一份文件。该文件提出投标人将根据合同条件和规格供应和提交作为招标内容的货物和（ 或）劳务。在文件中投标人承担在规定的日期内开始交货，并获得履约保证金。 bid guarantee 投标保证金见 bid bond bid opening Examination of all bids submitted for a contract. The Bank requires this to be done in public, i.e. in the presence of those bidders or their representatives who choose to attend. 开标审查为争取合同而发来的所有的投标。世界银行要求此项活动公开进行，即在那些愿意参加此项活动的投标人或其代表出席的情况下当众开标。 bid package Usually refers to bids where there is more than one item involved. 一揽子投标通常是指包含一项以上招标内容的标书。 bid price [contract] The price that a bidder specifies in the bid form for the delivery of goods or completion of the works. 报价；标价 [合同]，投标者所报价格 投标者在标书中所报出的交货或完工的价格。 bid security 押标金 见 bid bond bid submission; delivery of bids The act of a bidder handing over his bid to the purchaser. 递交标书指投标者向购买者递交标书的行为。 bidder (highest/lowest) （最高 /最低）投标者 亦见 highest bidder; lowest bidder; postqualification of bidders; prequalification of bidders; qualified bidder; second lowest bidder; successful bidder bidding 招标，投标 see competitive bidding; competitive bidding in accordance with local procedures; component bidding; international competitive bidding; limited international bidding bidding conditions 招标条件 bidding documents; tender documents The collection of documents which specify the bidding procedures, the technical specification of the goods/works required and contract terms. They include the Invitation for Bids, Instruction to Bidders, General Conditions of Contract, Special Conditions of Contract, Schedule of Requirements (or Bill of Quantities), Technical Specifications, Bid Form, Price Schedules, Bid Security Form, Contract Form and Performance Security Form. 招标文件招标的一整套文件，它们说明招标的程序、所需货物或工程的技术规格以及合同条款。其中包括招标邀请书、投标人须知、合同的一般条件、合同的特殊条件、需求清单（或数量清单）、技术规格、标书、价格清单、投标担保书、合同书以及履约保证书等。 bill of exchange 汇票 bill of lading A contract for the delivery of goods to a buyer. It also represents the title to the goods and a receipt that the carrier has received the goods. 提单向购货人发送货物的一份契约。它还代表对货物的所有权并作为承运人收到货物的收据。亦见 through bill of lading bill of quantities The specification of the quantity of materials to be used. 工程量清单；建筑工程清单；数量清单指项目所用材料的数量及其规格的清单。见priced bill of guantities bill of quantities contract A type of unit price contract, with a detailed bill of quantities calculated on the basis of the plans of the consultant engineer or architect. The unit prices are given and the totals worked out. As the contract is carried out, the quantities actually used are measured by a quantity surveyor and the contractor is paid on the basis of these amounts. 工程量合同单价合同的一种类型，带有在咨询工程师或建筑师的计划的基础上计算出来的详细量单，列出了单位价格并算出了总价格。在合同履行中，实际使用数量由数量测算员加以衡量，并在这些数量的基础上确定对承包商的付款。 billing agent 托收人 binding; bindings In GATT, the fixing or freezing of certain trading advantages for a three year period. 约束，约束性条款在关贸总协定中，对某些贸易优势在三年期间予以固定或冻结。 biochemical oxygen demand - BOD A measure of the amount of pollution by organic substances in water. It is expressed as the number of milligrams of oxygen required by the micro-organisms to oxidize the organics in a liter of water. 生化物氧气需要， 生化物需氧量（简写为 BOD） 一种衡量有机物在水中的污染量的标准。它以一升水中微生物对有机物进行氧化所需的氧气毫克数来表示。 biochemical oxygen demand over five days -BOD5; five day biochemical oxygen demand The standard biochemical oxygen demand test whereby a sample of the liquid is incubated at 20 degrees C for five days. 生化物五天需氧量（简写为BOD5） 标准的生化需氧量试验。其方法是把一份溶液的样品在摄氏20度下培养五天。 biodiversity 生物多样性 biogas plant 生物气体工厂；沼气厂 biomass energy 生物能源 biomass (power) plant, station 生物（发电）厂、站 biosphere reserve An idea created by the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme, which aimed to establish protected core areas with one or two surrounding buffer zones, with the core areas devoted to sustainable development and habitat restoration. 生物圈保护地联合国教科文组织“人与生物圈计划”所创立的一个概念，其目的是建立一个由一、两个缓冲地带环绕的中心保护区，致力于可持续性发展和栖息地恢复活动。 birth control 节制生育 birth spacing The deliberate effort of couples to postpone a birth. Also used as a synonym for birth timing. 生育间隔夫妇有意推迟生育的行为。也是生育时间计划的同意词。 bisque clause Clause in loan agreement that entitles a borrower to postpone payments of interest and principal for limited periods of time in balance of payments difficulties. 修正条款贷款协定中的一项条款，它授权借款人在国际收支出现困难时，在一定时限内推迟还本付息。 black economy 见 parallel economy black market 黑市 black money Money in the economy obtained through illegal means, such as money from the drug trade. 黑钱 在经济中通过非法手段取得的金钱，如从毒品交易中获得的金钱。 blanket effect 覆盖效应；总括效应 blanket purchase order - BPO A purchase of low value goods and services from a single vendor. 一揽子购货定单（简称BPO） 指从单一销售商购买低值货物和劳务。 blanket release Release by Bank member of its 18% currency for indefinite lending or relending. 解除限制世界银行会员国解除其对未确定的贷款或转贷使用的18%的本国货币限制。 blend country Country eligible to receive financing from both IBRD and IDA. 混合贷款国家符合同时获得国际复兴开发银行和国际开发协会贷款的国家。 blend financing; mixed financing 混合贷款 blending (of flows) 混合（资金流量） blind trust An arrangement whereby a person places some or all financial affairs in trust, beyond his personal control. Used by public officials to avoid conflict of interest charges. Currently used by the President of the World Bank and the President of the United States. 保密委托，保密信托一个人对部分或全部财政事务作出委托性安排， 将其置于个人控制之外。这是公共官员为避免利益冲突的指责而采用的方法。目前为世界银行行长和美国总统所采用。 block release 离职培训 见 day release block tariff A tariff in which the charge is based on a series of different kilowatt-hour rates applying to successive kilowatt-hour blocks of given size, supplied during a specified period. 分段收费一种电费计收办法，既在规定的供电时间内，对连续的一定量的千瓦/小时采取一系列不同的收费费率。 block trading 大宗证券交易 block train A permanently made-up train. 固定列车固定编制的整列火车。 blue chip; blue chip security 蓝筹股；热门股票 blue projects Projects covering coastal and marine resources. 蓝色项目指利用沿海和海洋资源的项目。参见brown projects, green projects 。 blue stained cotton 蓝色污染棉 见 grey cotton blueprint planning 蓝图规划，详细规划 Board seminar （世界银行）执董会举行的非正式讨论 Board of Directors [IFC, MIGA] 董事会 [国际金融公司、多边投资担保机构] Board of (Executive) Directors; Executive Board [IBRD, IDA] （执行）董事会； 执董会 [国际复兴开发银行、国际开发协会] Board of Governors 理事会 Boards of the Bank and the Fund 世界银行和国际货币基金组织理事会 body corporate; corporate body, institution 法人团体；法人机构 boilerplate Standard legal language used in legal documents. 标准法律语言法律文件中使用的标准法律语言。 bond 证券，债券 见 annuity bond; bearer bond; bid bond; convertible bond; corporate bond; coupon bond; deep discount bond; development bond; discount bond; exit bond; floating rate bond; government bond; indexed bond; noncallable; original issue discount bond; outstanding bonds; performance bond; perpetual bond; publicly issued; registered bond; serial bond; straight bond; Treasury bond; warrant bond; zero coupon bond bonded area; free trade zone - FTZ 保税区；自由贸易区（简写为FTZ） bonded contractor Contractor who has taken out a surety bond to cover any claims against him. 取得履约保证的承包商指承包商已经取得履约保证以避免承担任何索赔。 bonded goods Taxable goods held in a government-licensed warehouse pending payment of customs duties and other taxes due. 保税货物在交纳关税和其他应付税之前，存放在政府特许的仓库内的应税货物。 bonded industrial estate 保税工业区 bonded warehouse A government-licensed warehouse that holds taxable goods pending payment of customs duties and other taxes due. 保税仓库一种政府特许的仓库，用以存放待缴关税和其他税款的应税货物。 bondholder 债券持有人 bonding [customs] 担保，保税 [海关] bonding company Company which issues performance bonds, payment bonds and other kinds of bonds. 担保公司发行履约保证、付款保证和其他保证的公司。 bonus 奖金，红利，额外津贴 bonus clause Clause in a contract which provides for a bonus to be paid to contractors or suppliers for completion of works or delivery of goods ahead of schedule, when this is beneficial to the contracting agency. 奖励条款 [合同] 合同中的一项条款，规定在有利于发包方的情况 下，承包商或供货商在合同规定的时间内提前完 工或交货，将给予奖励。 bonus issue 发行红股 bonus share A share given as a bonus to purchasers of shares. 红利股作为红利赠送给股票购买者的股票。 book value The net amount at which an asset appears on the books of account. 帐面价值在帐簿上一项资产的净值。 boomtown effect 城市发展效应见 induced development effect booster pump Pump installed in front of another pump to ensure satisfactory suction conditions for the main pump or to deliver water from a deep well to a second pump, which develops the final delivery head. 升压泵；前置泵；增压泵；助水泵；接力泵装置于另一水泵前的泵，以保证主泵有足够的吸水力；或从深井中抽水注入另一泵中，形成最终的供水水头。 booster (pumping) station A pumping station in a water distribution system that is used to increase the pressure in the mains on the discharge side of the pumps. 升压（泵）站；增压（泵）站在输水系统中用以增加主要出水管道压力的泵站。 border bias In crop evaluations, under-representation of the crops at the edge of the plot, because of difficulty of placing the square used for these estimates. 地边偏差在对作物进行评价时，由于难于置放为进行此类测量所使用的矩尺，因此产生的对地边作物的低估。 border check irrigation; border ditch irrigation; border irrigation; border strip irrigation; gravity check irrigation; ribbon check irrigation; strip check irrigation; strip irrigation Flood irrigation in which land is divided into border strips and water is delivered into each strip from a head or field ditch at its upper end. 畦面灌溉；畦沟灌溉；畦灌；自流畦沟灌溉；多畦灌溉；条灌把地块分成畦沟，使灌溉用水从水头或灌渠较高一端流到另一端的灌溉方法。 border currency (unit) In a project, values measured in foreign exchange but denominated in the local currency. 边境货币（单位） 一个项目的价值以外币计值但以本国货币标价。 border ditch irrigation 畦沟灌溉 见 border check irrigation border industry 边境工业 border point price 进口港（或边境点）价格见 cost， insurance and freight port of entry/border point price border price Price of a tradable good at a country's border or port of entry. 边境价格可交易货物在一国边境或入境口岸的价格。 border strip irrigation 条畦灌溉 见 border check irrigation border taxes Taxes levied at national frontiers. 边境税在国家边境征收的税。 borrower ownership In adjustment programs, when the borrower adopts the Bank program as its own. Criteria for this include launching of economic reforms preceded or accompanied by productive policy dialogue and operationally-oriented economic and sector work by the Bank, a timely program tailored to country-specific circumstances and supported by adequate external financing and the borrower endeavoring to build a strong consensus for the program at key points in the administration. 借款人所有制指在调整方案中，借款国把世界银行的方案视为自己的方案。其标准包括：借款国在世界银行与其进行建设性的对话和对其进行业务导向性经济和部门工作之前或同时，启动经济改革；有一项适合该国具体情况和有充分外来融资支持的及时的规划；以及借款国努力在政府关键部门为该计划广泛地建立共识。 borrowing capacity 借款能力 borrowing cost 借款费用，借款成本 borrowing from the public 向公众借款；公开销售债券 borrowing pool [IBRD] Pool of IBRD funded debt used to determine on a semi-annual basis the IBRD lending rate. 借款总库 [国际复兴开发银行] 指国际复兴开发银行资助的债务总和，用来确定 其每半年调整一次的贷款利率。 borrowing rate 借款利率 见 depositor rate of interest bottleneck 瓶颈 bottleneck analysis Type of analysis concentrating on bottlenecks in system, e.g. delivery systems, transportation systems. 瓶颈分析一种对系统（例如送货系统，运输系统等）中的瓶颈进行专门分析的方法。 bottom dressing; basal dressing 施底肥 bottom line 底线 bottom out (of a recession) （从经济衰退中）走出谷底 bottom up (approach) [projects] Planning which is decentralized and which takes place at the development project level. 自下而上的（做法）[项目] 指将计划权分散放到发展项目一级。 bracket creep, progression [taxation] The situation in which incomes rise due to inflation and that rise puts taxpayers in higher income tax brackets so that a larger percentage of their income is automatically paid to the government. 等级上升 [税收] 收入因通货膨胀而增加使纳税人进入较高所得 纳税等级，致使他们收入中更大的比例自动地缴 给政府。 bracketing Restriction indicating which bidders may submit a bid, e.g. by stating that only certain bid prices may apply. The Bank does not allow this procedure in international bidding. 限定说明一种对投标人的限定性说明，如说明某种适用的投标价格。世界银行不允许在国际招标中采取这种程序。 Brady bond Bond created when existing developing country debt is concerted into new debt. The new bond has a smaller face value or a lower nominal interest rate than the original bond but may be enhanced through, for example, collateralization of principal and/or part of the interest payments. 布雷迪债券把发展中国家现有的债务转为新的债务时产生的一种债券。这种新债券与原来的债券相比，面值较小或名义利率较低，但通过对其本金和（或） 部分利息提供抵押担保等方式可以提高。 brain drain 人才外流 branch ministry A ministry responsible for just one industry. 专业部只负责某一行业的部。 brand name drug 名牌药品 brand name product 名牌产品 Brazil-Yugoslavia Precedents Special IBRD share allocations to restore a member's shareholding in IBRD parallel to its IMF quotas. Named after the first two countries to request this. 巴西-南斯拉夫先例指国际复兴开发银行的一种股份分配特殊方式， 用于恢复某一会员国在国际复兴开发银行的股份额，使其与该国在国际货币基金组织中的股份相应。该方式以首先提出申请的两个会员国家命名。 breach of contract 违约，违反合同 breach of contract risk [MIGA] Repudiation or breach of a specified commitment by the host government to the guarantee holder in cases where (1) the guarantee holder does not have recourse to a competent, independent judicial or arbitral forum to determine the claims of repudiation or breach, or (ii) a decision by such a forum is not rendered within a reasonable period of time, as defined in the contract of guarantee, or (iii) a final decision cannot be enforced. 违约风险 [多边投资担保机构] 东道国政府不履行或违反与被保险人签订的合同中的具体义务，如（1）被保险人无法求助于有能力的和独立的司法机构或仲裁机构对其提出的有关诉讼作出裁决；或（2）该司法或仲裁机构未能在担保合同规定的合理期限内作出裁决；或（3）最后的裁决不能执行。 bread grains 用于制作面包的谷物 breadwinner 挣钱养家的人 breakbulk Cargo packed in separate packages or individual pieces of cargo, loaded, stowed and unloaded individually, as distinct from bulk cargo. 杂件货物指分散包装或单件的货物，单个装卸、堆放，与散装货物相区别。 break clause; escape clause; jeopardy clause A clause in a Eurocurrency agreement specifying that, if certain events curtail the lender's activity or the operation of the Euromarkets, other designated actions will come into effect. 中断条款；免责条款指欧洲货币协定中的一项条款，规定在出现某种妨碍贷款人活动或欧洲共同市场业务的事件时，其他预定的行动将生效。 breakdown 细目，分类 breakeven analysis An analysis of expense and revenue factors, often expressed graphically, aimed at determining at what cost and price points a product, product line or company break even. 保本分析，盈亏临界分析，盈亏平衡分析对费用和收入因素所做的分析，常常用图表表示，目的是确定一种产品、生产线或公司的成本和价格在哪一点上达到平衡。 breakeven (dollar) depreciation Depreciation rate of the dollar such that the Bank's headroom is at breakeven point. （美元）保本贬值；（美元）净空临界贬值指美元的某一贬值率，在这一贬值率上世界银行的净空正好处在临界点上。 breakeven point The level of product sales at which financial revenues equal total costs of production. At higher volumes of production and sales financial profits are generated. Point where two strategies are equivalent. 盈亏临界点，盈亏平衡点，收支平衡点财务收入和生产总成本正好相等时的产品销售量。增加产量和销售量就会带来财务利润。也是增加产量和增加销售量这两种战略势能取得同等效果的交汇点。 breed [livestock] 饲养，繁殖，育种 [畜牧] breeder [agriculture] 繁殖用动植物 [农业] breeder seed 繁殖用种子 breeding 繁殖，培育 见 plant breeding breeding material 育种材料 breeding station [commercial breeding] 育种站（商业性育种） breeding stock 种畜 breeding unit 畜牧繁殖中心，育种单位 bridge, bridging loan 过渡，过渡贷款 bridging arrangement, credit 过渡性安排、信贷，应急安排、信贷 bridging facility 过渡性融通资金，应急融通资金 brief [project] 简介 [项目] broad money Equivalent to M3, i.e. M2 plus the average of the beginning- and end-of-month deposits of non-bank thrift institutions. 广义货币相当于M3，即M2加上非银行储蓄机构月初与月末储蓄额的平均值。 broadcasting (seed, fertilizer) 撒播（种子，肥料） broken cross rates In foreign exchange, disparity among three or more rates, e.g. if DM 1 = 30 cents and FF 1.5 while FF 1 = 22 cents a Deutschmark will bring 30 cents if converted directly but 33 if converted first into francs and then into dollars. 有差异的套汇汇率外汇中，在三种或三种以上汇率之间存在的差异。例如：假定1德国马克=30美分或1.5法国法郎，而1法国法郎=22美分，1马克如直接兑换成美元仍等于30美分，但如果先换成法郎再换成美元，则可兑换33美分。 broker 经纪人 brokerage 经纪人业务；经纪人佣金，回扣 brown coal A low-grade coal which commonly retains the structures of the original wood. It is high in moisture, low in heat value and checks badly upon drying. 褐煤一种低质煤，往往保存着原来的木质结构，高水分，低热值，干燥后龟裂严重。 brown projects Projects covering the immediate and most critical environmental problems facing cities; they include three main areas--energy use and efficiency, urban and industrial pollution control, and urban environmental management. 棕色项目指解决城市面临的最迫切和紧急的环境问题的项目。这类项目包括三个主要方面：能源使用和效率、城市和工业污染控制、城市环境管理。参见green projects, blue projects Bruno ratio The present worth of the domestic currency cost of realizing a foreign exchange saving divided by the present worth of the net foreign exchange saving. A project is accepted if it is less than the official exchange rate in financial analysis or less than the shadow exchange rate in economic analysis. 布鲁诺比率即实现一项外汇储备目标的本国货币成本的现值除以净外汇储备的的现值。针对一个项目而言，如果该比率低于财务分析中的官方汇率或低于经济分析中的影子汇率，则项目就是可以接受的。亦见modified Bruno ratio bubble concept The concept whereby the total pollution level for an area must be set collectively but the market can allocate that total among competing uses by exchange of emission permits. 气泡观念 [环境] 指一种观念，认为一个地区的总污染水平必须集体确定，但市场可以在竞用者之间，通过交换排放许可，对总排放量加以分配。 bubble-up effect The opposite of the trickle-down effect. The benefits of a project, change in economic policy benefiting the lowest paid and gradually rising up the scale. 冒泡效应，上泛效应下渗效应的反意词。指一个项目的效益和经济政 策的改变，首先使最低收入者受益，然后逐渐向上发生影响。 bucket latrine A latrine where the sullage falls into a bucket which can be removed for disposal of the sullage. 马桶式厕所这种厕所中，污物排入便桶，便桶可以取出清理。 budget 预算亦见 capital budget; cash budget; current budget; exchange budget; investment budget; midyear review; operating budget; partial budget; performance budget; program budget; special budget; unit activity (crop) budget; whole farm budget budget amendment [U.S.] 预算修正案 [美国] budget appropriation 预算拨款 budget authority 预算授权 budget closure Lapsing of authority to incur approved budgetary expenses. In the Bank, this is at the end of the fiscal year for the regular and reimbursable budgets and after three years for capital budgets. 预算关闭期指停止使用已批准的预算支出权力的限期。在世界银行，一般和可偿还费用的预算关闭期是财政年度末，资本预算的关闭期是三年之后。 budget cuts 预算削减 budget deficit; budgetary gap 预算赤字；预算缺口 budget estimates 概算，预算估计 budget neutral Outputs having no influence on the budget. 维持现状的预算；中性预算指产出对预算不发生影响。 Budget Planning Framework [IBRD] 预算的计划框架 [国际复兴开发银行] budget process 预算编制过程 budget surplus 预算节余，预算盈余 budgetary aid 预算援助 budgetary gap; budget deficit 预算缺口；预算赤字 budgeting （编制）预算见full budgeting; planning programming, budgeting system; zero base bdgeting buffer fund Fund set up to regulate buffer stocks. 缓冲基金，调节基金为调节缓冲库存而建立的基金。 buffer stock scheme 缓冲存货制，调节性库存制 buffer stocks Stocks of a commodity held in an attempt to even out price fluctuations in primary commodities. The operators use the stock to mitigate fluctuations in prices by selling from the commodity stock when prices are high and by buying the commodity when prices are low. 缓冲存货，调节性库存指为稳定初级产品价格波动而设立的某种产品的库存。经营者可使用该库存来减缓价格波动，在高价时卖出，低价时购入。 build-own operate - BOO Type of construction contract whereby a private firm finances some or all of the initial investment and is remunerated directly from revenues earned by the project from selling output to a public utility. The project is kept by the private firm and not transferred back to the government. 建造－所有－经营制（简写为BOO） 一种建设合同，即由一个私营商对项目进行全部或部分投资，项目完成后，从向公用事业出售其产出的收入中直接取得回报。该项目始终为该私商所有，不转移给政府。 build-operate-transfer; build-operate-turnover BOT Type of construction contract whereby a private firm finances some or all of the initial investment and is remunerated directly from revenues earned by the project from selling output to a public utility. Ownership is eventually transferred to the state or to private domestic investors. 建造－经营－移交制（简写为BOT） 一种建设合同，即由一个私营商对项目进行全部或部分投资，项目完成后，从向公用事业出售其产出的收入中直接取得回报。项目所有权最终将移交给国家或国内私人投资者。 build-own-operate-transfer - BOOT Type of construction contract whereby a private firm finances some or all of the initial investment and is remunerated directly from revenues earned by the project from selling output to a public utility. Ownership is initially held by the firm but eventually transferred to the state or to private domestic investors. 建造－所有－经营－移交制（简写为BOOT） 一种建设合同，即由一个私营商对项目进行全部或部分投资，项目完成后，从向公用事业出售其产出的收入中直接取得回报。项目所有权最初由该私商拥有，但最终将移交给国家或国内私人投资者。 built-in evaluation [projects] 内在评估 [项目] built-in stabilizers Relationships which reduce the amplitude of cyclical fluctuation in the economy without any direct action by government, firms or individuals, e.g. a progressive tax which reduces the spending power of consumers in amounts which change faster than incomes, resulting in contractionary tendencies during expansionary periods and vice versa. 内在稳定器指减少经济中周期性波动的振幅而无需政府、企业或个人采取直接行动的内在关系。例如一项累进税，它的变化快于收入的增长数额，因此可以削弱消费者的购买力，在扩张时期导致收缩倾向，反之亦然。 built-in tendency 内在趋势 bulk, in 散装，整批 bulk procurement 整批采购 bull market A rising market. 牛市，多头市场指价格上升的市场。 bullet issue 一次性发售 bump integrator [highways] Type of machine for measuring uneven road surfaces. 路面累计颠簸仪[公路] 用语测量不平整路面的仪器。 bunching 混合，归并 亦见 debt bunching bunching of maturities 到期归类 bund 堤岸，码头亦见 contour bund bunker [coal] 料斗，浅仓 [煤] bunker; bunker oil A heavy residual fuel oil used by ships, industry and for large-scale heating installations. 船用油；燃料油指一种用于船舶、工业和大型加热装置的重型燃料油。 bunkering To fill a ship's bunker with coal or oil. 装入燃料往船的燃料仓中添加装煤或油。 buoyancy [economics] 活跃，高涨，上升 [经济学] buoyant demand 需求上扬，需求活跃亦见 tax buoyancy buoyant market 活跃的市场 burden sharing 分担负担 burn beating 刀耕火种见 ash farming burning [agriculture] 刀耕火种见 ash farming bush fallow Poor quality land covered with scrubby vegetation. 灌木林修耕地，灌木林闲地灌木丛生的劣质土地。 business accounting 企业会计，经营核算 business community 实业界，企业界 business cycle; trade cycle 商业周期，经济周期 business cycle policy 商业周期政策 business expenses 营业费用 business line 行业，营业种类 business plan 营业计划，经营计划，业务计划 business (profit) tax; corporate income tax [US]; corporation tax [UK] 营业（利润）税；公司所得税 [美国]；公司税 [英 国] buy-back agreement; take-out agreement 回购协议；返销协议 buyer credit; buyers' credit 买方信贷 buyer's market 买方市场 buying agent [commodities] 采购代理人 [商品] buying rate of exchange The rate at which foreign exchange banks and brokers agree to buy foreign currency. 买入汇率外汇银行和经纪人同意购买外汇的汇率。 bylaws 公司章程附则，细则

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C - Calendar quarter 日历季度 call for capital; call of capital Request for paying in of callable capital. 缴股通知要求（会员国）缴付通知即缴的股本。 call in a loan, to 收回贷款，催收贷款 call loan A loan on a demand basis (i.e. which either the borrower or lender may terminate at will). 通知放款，短期拆借，活期放款根据需求发放的贷款（即借款者或放款者都可以随意终止的贷款）。 call money; day to day money; demand money; money at call Money deposited in an interest-bearing account, that can be called by the depositor on a day's notice. Often applied to money lent by banks to stock exchange brokers, which may be called at any time. 拆放款；日拆款；日用资金；短期放款；活期资金指存在有息帐户中的货币，存款者可以随时提取，但需提前一天进行通知。通常指银行借给证券交易所经纪人的钱，它可以随时收回。 call of capital 缴股通知见 call for capital call option Option to purchase designated securities at a predetermined price within a specified time limit. 买入期权；购买期货权指在限定的时间内，按预先确定的价格购买指定证券的选择权。 call order contract Contract whereby an entreprise engages staff on a short-term basis but does not know when it needs them so reserves the right to call them when needed. 活期雇佣合同，活期订货合同指企业短期雇用职工的一种合同。由于不知何时需要他们，因而保留在需要时召集他们的权利。 callable (capital, subscription) That part of capital which is not yet paid up and on which payments can be called for. 通知即缴（资本，认购资本）指尚未缴付的认购资本，可以在接到通知后缴付。 called up (share) capital; paid in (share) capital 实收（股本）资金；缴讫（股本）资金 calling in of a currency 货币回收 calorie intake 卡路里摄入量，热能摄入量 calving rate The number of calves born alive in any year expressed as a percentage of the number of females let to the bull in the previous year. 产犊率指一年所产活犊数量与前一年参加交配的母牛数量之比。 cancellation Voiding a debt by annulling or paying it. 撤销，解除 [债务] 以取消或偿付的办法使一笔债务失效。 cancelled debt 已撤销债务 cap A floating rate note with an upper limit on the interest rate to be paid. 上限一种对利率规定上限的浮动利率本票。 capability [urban development] 能力，容量 [城市发展] capacity to pay; ability to pay* 支付能力 capacity 能力见 rated capacity Capital 资本 亦见 commercial capital; domestic capital formation; equilibrating capital flow; equity capital; floating capital; foreign capital; frozen capital; General Capital Increase; gross fixed capital formation; incremental capital-output ratio; loan capital; marginal efficiency of capital; noncash working capital; official capital; overhead capital; paid-in (share) capital; paid-up capital; public (capital) expenditure; quasi-equity; recycling (of capital); return of capital; return on capital; return to capital; risk capital; seed capital; Selective Capital Increase; share capital; social overhead capital; uncalled capital; unimpaired capital; venture capital; volatile capital; working capital capital account In balance of payments, it measures the short- and long-term financial movements which may be associated with the purchase of physical assets, stocks and shares, or with the placing of money on a short-term basis. 资本帐户，资本项目在国际收支中衡量短期和长期资本运动的帐目， 如购进有形资产、股票、股份或是把钱留做短期头寸等。 capital adequacy 资本充足 capital assets; fixed assets; permanent assets; fixed capital [accounting] All tangible assets (movable and immovable) held by an entity and used in its normal operations for the production of goods or services. These assets have a normal life longer than one year and are not normally acquired for resale. 资本资产；固定资产；永久资产；固定资本 [会计] 由一个实体所拥有并在其生产货物或劳务的正常业务中使用的一切有形资产（动产和不动产）。这些资产一般有一年以上的使用寿命，一般不是为再出售而购置的。 capital base Total capital of an organization, i.e. capital plus reserves. 自有资本，资本基础一个机构的全部资本，即资本加上储备。 capital budget A budget which is limited to showing planned expenditures and sources of funds for purchases of capital goods. In the Bank, one of three budgets, it is for funds used to incur costs that result in capital assets being created in the balance sheet. Includes computing and office technology equipment, buildings, building renovation, furniture and other equipment costing more than $50,000. 资本预算；基本建设预算这种预算仅限于表明为购置资本货物而计划的支出和资金来源。在世界银行，是三种预算中的一种，它是资产负债表上资本资产所需费用的资金，包括计算技术设备和办公室技术设备、建筑物、建筑物翻修改造、家具和其他价格超过5万美元的设备。 capital consumption allowance An entry in the national income accounts which reflects the depreciation of equipment and machinery within a given period of time. Usually based on tax reports of depreciation. 资本耗用备抵（即折旧备抵），资本消耗扣除国民收入核算帐户的一个条目，反映在一定时期内设备和机器的折旧。它通常是根据折旧的纳税报告得出的。 capital cost 资本成本；资本费用 capital deepening Action which increases the relative value of capital in relation to labor 资本增密；资本深化在资本与劳动力之间，增加资本的相对价值的行为。 见Capital widening capital deepening investment Investment aimed at increasing production efficiency and lowering costs. 资本增密投资指为提高生产效率和降低成本而进行的投资。 capital-deficit oil exporter 资本短缺的石油出口国 capital efficiency 资本效益 capital endowment 捐赠资本 capital equipment; capital goods Production goods, i.e. instruments of production such as buildings, machinery, equipment, etc. rather than items for immediate consumption. 资本设备；资本货物指生产资料，即生产工具，如建筑物、机器、设 备等，而不是立即消费的物品。 capital expenditure; capital outlay 资本支出；基本建设支出 capital flight; flight of capital 资本外逃；资本外流 capital flow; capital movement 资本流量，资本流动；资本运动 capital formation 资本形成 capital gain 资本收益 capital gains tax 资本收益税 capital gearing ratio 资本搭配比率见 gearing ratio capital goods； capital equipment Production goods, i.e. instruments of production such as buildings, machinery, equipment, etc. rather than items for immediate consumption. 资本货物；资本设备指生产资料，即生产工具，如建筑物、机器、设备等，而不是立即消费的物品。 capital grants 资本赠与 capital impairment The estimated loss in an investment. 资本减损对一项投资的损失的估计。 capital inadequacy 资本不足 capital inflow 资本流入 capital infrastructure 资本基础设施 capital intensity 资本集约；资本密集 capital-intensive 资本密集型；资本集约型 capital investment 资本投资；基本建设投资 capital labor ratio The ratio at which labor and capital are combined within the production process. Generally labor and capital are measured as flows per unit of time. 资本劳动力比率指在生产过程中，劳动力同资本结合的比率。一般是按单位时间内劳动力和资本的流量来衡量的。 capital loss 资本损失 capital market The market for buying and selling long-term loanable funds, in the form of bonds, mortgages and the like. Unlike the money market, where short-term funds are traded, the capital market tends to center on well-organized institutions such as the stock exchange. However, there is no clearcut distinction between the two other than that capital market loans are generally used by businesses, financial institutions and governments to buy capital goods whereas money-market loans generally fill a temporary need for working capital. 资本市场买卖长期可贷款资金的市场。长期可贷款资金的形式包括债券、抵押债券和类似的票证。资本市场不同于进行短期资金交易的货币市场，它一般集中于组织良好的机构，如证券交易所。资本市场的贷款一般由企业、金融机构和政府用来购买资本货物；而货币市场贷款一般用来补充流动资本的暂时需要。除此以外，两者没有十分明显的区别。 Capital Markets System [World Bank]*- CMS 资本市场体系（简写为CMS）[世界银行] capital movement; capital flow 资本运动；资本流动 capital outlay; capital expenditure 资本支出；基本建设支出 capital output ratio The ratio of the amount of capital to the amount of output produced by that capital. 资本产出比率指资本额与该资本所生产的产值之间的比率。 capital position The amount of capital held. 资本头寸资本拥有量。 capital recovery factor - CRF The annual payment that will repay a loan of 1 currency unit in x years with compound interest on the unpaid balance. Also called the “partial payment factor.” The reciprocal of the present worth of an annuity factor. Generally obtained from a set of compounding and discounting tables. This factor permits calculating the equal installments necessary to repay (amortize) a loan over a given period at a stated interest rate. The total payment is a varying combination of both interest and repayment (amortization) of principal. 资本回收系数（简写为CRF） 指在把债务余额按复利计算的条件下，在x年内清偿一个货币单位的贷款余额的年偿还额，亦称为“分期清偿系数”，为“年金现值系数”的倒数。该系数一般可以从复利和贴现表中查出，用于计算在给定年限内按规定利率清偿一笔债务的年均分摊偿付额。总偿付额是本金的利息和分期付款偿付额的不同组合。 capital service ratio Contractual service payments on long-term debt plus remitted profits on direct investment divided by exports of goods and services. 资本还本付息比率即长期债务合同规定的还本付息支付额，加上外国直接投资的汇出利润，除以货物和劳务出口额。 capital stock 股金；股本 capital structure 资本结构 capital subscription [IBRD] （会员国）认缴资本[国际复兴开发银行] capital supply 资本供应 capital surplus country 资本富余国家 capital transfer 资本转移 capital widening Investment that increases the absolute value of capital. 资本扩张指增加资本绝对值的投资。见capital deepening capital works 基本建设工程 capitalized expenses An item of cost usually charged to profit and loss but, because related to a period of construction, added to a capital asset account. 资本化费用一种费用帐目，一般计入利润和损失，但由于与一定时期的建设有关，因而纳入固定资产帐户。 capitation approach [health financing] 按人计费制 [卫生融资] capitation tax; poll tax; head tax 人头税 capture (e.g. of public services) The use of a significant amount, e.g. of public services or resources by relatively narrow special interests. 滥用（公共服务等） 为相对狭小的特殊利益而使用大量的公共服务和资源。 capture fishery; harvest fishery Fishing for wild fish, normally from a boat, as opposed to aquaculture, where the fish are bred in a controlled environment. 捕渔业捕捉野生鱼类的渔业，一般使用渔船；区别于人为控制环境中的养殖渔业。 carbon fixation, sequestration Conversion, through photosynthesis, of atmospheric carbon dioxide into organic form in plants. 固碳作用；络合作用通过光合作用，将大气中的二氧化碳转化为植物中的有机物。 carbon sink Natural structure, such as a forest, that absorbs carbon dioxide and other carbon-based emissions. 碳吸附井（沉井） 吸收二氧化碳和其他碳基排放物的天然结构，如森林。 carbon tax A tax levied on products that emit greenhouse gases. 燃烧废气释放税对释放温室气体的产品征收的一种税。 career development 事业发展；职业开发 carried interest [petroleum industry] A fractional interest in oil and gas property, usually a lease, the holder of which has no personal obligation for operating costs, which are to be paid by the owner or owners of the remaining fraction, who reimburse themselves, therefore, out of production receipts. 附带权益，部分权益 [石油工业] 指在油和气的财产方面所拥有的部分权益，通常 为租赁。权益所有人对经营费用没有个人义务， 对此有义务的是拥有财产的其他部分的所有人， 他们按生产收据自我报销费用。 carrying capacity (of the Earth) The ability of Earth to absorb emissions and waste. (地球的)承载能力 指地球吸收废气和废物的能力。 carrying capacity [pastures] The amount of feed available from a pasture area, generally stated in animal units. 载畜量 [牧场] 一个牧区内可获饲料的总量，通常以牲畜单位计 算。 carrying capacity [transportation] 载货量，承载能力，运载能力 [运输] carrying cost (of capital); charge of capital The interest on debit balances. （资本）储备成本；资产维持费指借方余额上的利息。 carrying costs, charges [goods] The cost of carrying commodities held in a warehouse, such as charges for storage, insurance, haulage and loss of interest on the investment. 存储成本，费用 [货物] 指在仓库中储存商品的费用，如储存费、保险费、运输费和在投资上的利息损失。 carrying gain The positive difference between the return on a portfolio and its average cost. 结存收益即有价证券组合收益和其平均成本之间的正差额。 carrying loss The negative difference between the return on a portfolio and its average cost. 结存亏损有价证券组合收益和其平均成本之间的负差额。 carryover loan 结转贷款 carryovers Funds unused during a financial year which are transferred to the budget for the following financial year. 结转额指在一个财政年度中，未用并结转到下一个财政年度预算中的资金。 cascade tax A tax levied at several stages of the manufacturing process. 汇积增值税，多阶段征收的税款在制造过程中的若干阶段征收的税种。 case study 案例研究，实例研究，个案研究 cash advance 预付现金 cash balance; cash holdings; cash in hand; cash on hand Cash in immediate possession represented by coin, paper money and negotiable checks and other paper commonly accepted for immediate credit by a bank in a deposit of cash. 现金余额；现金结存；库存现金指立即可用的现金，如硬币、纸币、流通支票和其他银行一般可以接受给以信贷的现金储蓄票据。 cash based budget planning Budget planning based on actual cash outlays for the budget, rather than for a fixed amount of items, with allowances for cost increases. 现金基础预算计划指根据实际现金支出额而不是按固定数量的条目做预算计划，允许在价格增加时追加费用。 cash (basis) accounting A form of accounting wherein transactions are recorded only as cash is paid or received. Related financial statements are usually restricted to a summary of receipts and payments. 收付实现制会计，现金收付制会计指一种会计方法，即只有在收到和支出现金时才对交易进行记载。有关财务报表也往往限于对收支的总结。 cash basis, on a 收付实现制；现金制 cash budget An estimate of cash receipts and disbursements for a future period, cash requirements at various points within the period, and cash on hand at the end of the period. 现金预算对未来某时期现金收入与支出的估算，包括在该时期内不同时间点的现金需求和期末的现金结存。 cash buybacks 现金回购 cash crop A crop sold directly on the market as compared to one which is fed to animals or otherwise used but not sold. 经济作物一种直接向市场销售的作物，区别于用来喂养牲口或用作其他用途，而不是销售的作物。 cash deficit 现金亏蚀 cash economy 商品经济 cash expenditures 现金支出 cash flow A narrow definition for funds flow, restricted to cash or cash equivalents. Sometimes used synonymously with funds flow. 现金流动；现金流量资金流动的一个狭义定义，只包括现金或相当于现金。有时是资金流动的同义词。 cash flow system of taxation System of taxation whereby all expenditures are deducted from the income base in the same year as they are incurred. 现金流量计税制指一种税收制度，其中所有支出都从其发生的同一年度中从收入基础上减除。 cash forecast 现金预测 cash generation; internal cash generation; internally generated funds 现金生成；内部现金生成；内部资金生成 cash grant 现金捐赠 cash holdings 现金存量见 cash balance cash income 现金收入 cash inflows 现金流入；现金注入 cash in hand 现金存量 见 cash balance cash input [accounting] The cash component of an investment, as compared to the capital, labor, etc. component 现金投入 [会计] 指一项投资的现金部分，相对于资本、劳务等其 他组成部分而言。 cash input [agricultural projects] An input into a project used to produce an output in the form of cash. 现金投入 [农业项目] 对一个项目的投入，目的在产生现金形式的产 出。 cash management Control and use of liquid assets. 汇水区现金管理对流动资产的控制和使用。categorical grant; targeted grant Grant given by central government for specific Cash market purposes. 现金市场，即期市场专项赠款；定向赠款见 spot market 指中央政府为特定目的所作的赠款。 Cash on hand Category I countries [IBRD] 现金存量Industrial member countries. 见 cash balance 第一类国家 [国际复兴开发银行] 指工业化国家会员国。 cash payment 现金支付；以现金支付的款项Category II countries [IBRD] Developing member countries. cash position 第二类国家 [国际复兴开发银行] 现金头寸指发展中国家会员国。 cash projections cattle on the hoof 现金预测Live cattle. 未屠宰牲畜casual labor 活牲畜。临时工 catalytic converter A device installed in motor vehicle exhaust systems that reduces the emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. 催化转化器装在汽车排气系统上的一种设备，可以减少碳氢化合物和一氧化碳废气的排放。 cattle unit Unit for measuring number of animals - cattle = 1, sheep = 1, goat = 0.05, fowl = 0.01, pig = 0.2-0.4. 牲畜单位 衡量牲畜数量的单位：牛=1，绵羊=1，山羊=00.5， 家禽=0.01，猪=0.2-0.4 。 caucus (of countries at Annual Meetings) （世界银行年会上的）国家集团 catalytic role The way a project encourages other potential ceiling price cofinancers to join in the project. The maximum price which may be charged, 催化作用regardless of what price would be reached through 指一个项目所具有的能鼓励其他潜在融资者参the natural forces of supply and demand. 加的作用。最高限价 不管通过供求关系自然达到的价格是多少而只catch basin; catchment area 能收取的最高价格。汇水区 catch crop A quick-growing crop, planted and harvested between two regular crops in consecutive seasons or between two patches of regular crops in the same season. center pivot sprinkle irrigation Type of irrigation which consists of a central pivot linked to a water supply and a long arm extending from this central pivot which sprays water on crops, often with subsidiary arms extending from the major one. 添闲作物指在前后不同季节的两种正常作物之间、或在同季节的两种不同作物之间种植的一种快熟作物。中心旋转喷灌一种灌溉方法，它包括一个连接水源的中心枢纽和伸展而出对作物进行喷灌的长臂，通常在长臂上还有一些辅臂。 catchment area; catch basin Central Bank Facility-CBF* 中央银行融通资金（简写为CBF） centrally managed costs Costs which are the responsibility, for budgetary purposes, of the institution as a whole, as opposed to those that are the responsibility of individual units. 中央管理的费用，集中管理的费用指预算中对机构整体负责的费用；区别于那些对各个单位负责的费用。见unit-managed costs centrally planned economy (country) 中央计划经济；实行中央计划经济的国家 central rate [exchange rates] 中心汇率；中心汇价 [汇率] central vice presidencies [IBRD] Vice presidencies in IBRD responsible for the central research and operations support functions. 中央副行长 [国际复兴开发银行] 国际复兴开发银行负责中央研究和业务支持的副行长。 certificate of deposit Certificate of an interest-bearing time deposit with a bank. 定期储蓄存单在某银行中的有息定期储蓄存款单。 certificate of payment 支付凭证 certified seed The progeny of breeder， select， foundation or registered seed so handled as to maintain satisfactory genetic purity and identity. 经鉴定的种子指保持着满意的遗传纯度和特征的原种、精选种、基础种或注册种的后代。 ceylon cotton; tree cotton; Siam cotton; China cotton 锡兰棉；木棉；暹罗棉；中国棉 chain index An index number derived by relating the value at any given period to the value in the previous period rather than to a fixed base. 环比指数指通过把某一时期的数值与前一时期的数值相比，而不是与固定基期相比而得出的指数。 chair, constituency of an Executive Director [World Bank] 一个执行董事的选区、席位 [世界银行] chair representing ... [World Bank Executive Directors] 代表…席位 [世界银行执行董事会] changes clause [US] A clause in a contract giving a contracting officer the right to make unilateral changes to a contract, provided that the changes are within the general scope of the contract. 变更条款 [美国] 合同中的一项条款，它给予签约官员单方面对合 同作某些变更的权力，但这种变更仅限于合同总 的范围以内。 changes in working capital statement 流动资金变化 表 见 statement of changes in financial position channel [trade] 渠道，途径 [贸易] channel, river 航道，河流 charge; lien [legal] 托管物，留置权（法律） chargeback 回索，结算 charge number [currency pool] An intermediate variable used to calculate currency pool interest, it is determined by revaluing each day's current dollar-equivalent balance to the present using the product of the duality revaluation factors between that day and the present, with the sum of these daily revalued balances representing the charge number. 计息积数 [货币总库] 这是用来计算货币总库中贷款利息的一个中间变量。它是通过以下方式得出的：把迄今为止的每日美元现价等值余额用每日和现时之间的二重再估价系数进行重新估算。这些每日重估价后的余额的和，就是计息积数。 charge of capital; carrying cost (of capital) The interest on debit balances. 资本费用；（资本）置存成本； 为解决用房需求的增加和装修而租用的房屋。即借方余额中的利率。 cistern flush latrine charges [utilities] Latrine where the water for flushing comes from a 收费 [公用事业] cistern. 水箱式冲洗厕所chart 冲水来自于水箱的厕所。图表 见 bar chart; chart of accounts; construction civil commotion progress chart; flip chart; flow chart; performance Events which have all the characteristics of a riot but chart; process chart; progress chart; scatter chart which are more widespread and of longer duration, without, however, attaining the status of civil war, charter (of a company) revolution, rebellion or insurrection. Covered by （公司的）章程，执照MIGA under the war and civil disturbance category. 内部骚动 [多边投资担保机构] charter party - c/p 指具有一切暴乱特征的事件，但范围更为广泛，A contract between shipowner and charterer for the 持续事间更长，然而没有达到内战、革命、造反 carriage of goods or hire of vessel for a period of 或起义的程度。在多边投资担保机构保险范围内time. 属“战争与国内动乱”类别。租船契约，租船合同（简写为c/p） 参见riot 船主与租船者之间为运送货物或在一定时间内租用船只而订立的合同。civil service 公务员，文官 chart of accounts A systematically arranged list of accounts applicable civil works; public works to a specific concern giving account names and 土建工程；土木工程 numbers, if any. 会计科目表；帐户一览表claim 为特殊目的而设立并经过系统整理的帐户一览权利要求，债权；索赔表，注有帐户名称和帐号。亦见financial claim； financial claimes of government cherry picking 选择最好的claim [mining] 对某片土地（矿产）的权利要求 [采矿] chief economist 首席经济学家claim (on resources) （对资源的）权利要求 child mortality 儿童死亡率claused bill of lading; dirty bill of lading 亦见infant mortality A bill of lading that has been endorsed by the shipowner as the goods described in the bill do not China cotton; Ceylon cotton; Siam cotton; tree conform to what is offered for shipment, e.g. cotton package missing, goods damaged, etc. 中国棉；锡兰棉；暹罗棉；木棉 chlorofluorocarbon - CFC 氟氯烃（简写为CFC） churn factor Leased space to handle demand surge and space modifications. 暂时租用的办公用房 附有批注的提单；不洁提单经船主背书的提单，说明提单所描述的货物与交运的货物不符，例如包装缺失，货物受损等。 clawback provision Clause in an underwriting agreement for a security that restricts the issue to a certain group, e.g. domestic buyers, till demand from that group is satisfied. 回补条款指证券包销协议中的一项条款，它限定向某一群体发售该证券，例如向国内购买者，直至该群体的需求达到满足。 限额型投资公司，限额基金 [美国]；投资信托公司 [英国] 是指发行固定数量股票的投资公司，这些股份代表在公司的证券组合中拥有一定的权益，一般不发行新股。 clean bill of lading A bill of lading which has no superimposed clause(s) expressly declaring a defective condition of the packaging or goods. 清洁提单，货物完好无损的提单没有附加条款以说明包装和货物有缺陷的提单。 clean coal Coal produced by a cleaning process. 净煤经清洗工序生产出来的煤炭。closely-held corporation A corporation whose stock is held by a small group, usually with an agreement that if a member of the group desires to sell any part of the ownership, it must first be offered to the other members of the group. 寡头控股公司，股东人数有限的股份公司指由一个小集团拥有的公司，通常有一项协议，规定如果集团中某一成员想出售其任何一部分所有权的话，必须首先出售给集团中的其他成员。 clean fuel Fuel that causes little or no pollution close of business - c.o.b. 清洁燃料停止办公时间，截止时间（简写为c.o.b） 几乎或者完全不产生污染的燃料。 closing date clean-up (environmental) 结帐日；交割日期；截止日期净化环境，清除（环境的）污染 closing stock [livestock] clearance Number of animals held at the end of an accounting 清理，出清，票据交换，纯益计算period. 亦见slum clearance；tax clearance 期末存栏数 [牲畜] 指一个会计期末牲畜的数量。 clearing [agriculture] 已清理出的一片土地 [农业] closure of the proceeding [ICSID] 终止诉讼 [解决投资争端国际中心] clearing house An organization set up by financial institutions club deal agreeing to initiate and receive among themselves Loan whereby, instead of one bank being designated electronic funds transfers authorized by their lead bank and others comanagers or underwriters, customers. the various functions these carry out are divided 票据交换所，清算机构，交流中心among a limited group of members, in order to save 指由金融机构设立的票据交换机构，客户用以在fees. 各金融机构之间按客户授权进行电子资金转帐。联合筹资交易，集团性筹资交易 在贷款业务中，不是由一家银行担任牵头银行，client country 其他各家为共管经理或承保人，而是把各项职能委托国；客户国在有限的成员中进行分工，以节省费用。 clinker 渣块，烧结块；头等货 closed-end investment company, fund [US]; investment trust [UK] Investment company with a fixed number of shares outstanding. The shares represent an interest in the fund's portfolio. New shares may not be issued. club loan Loan whereby, instead of one bank being designated lead bank and others comanagers or underwriters, the various functions these carry out are divided among the members, in order to save fees. 集团性贷款在贷款业务中，不是由一家银行担任牵头银行，其他各家为共管经理或承保人，而是把各项职能 在成员中进行分工，以节省费用。 cluster analysis A statistical procedure for arranging a number of objects in homogeneous subgroups based on their mutual similarities and hierarchical relationships. 归纳分析一种统计程序，即把一些事物按相互间的相似性和等级关系，整理成同类的子组。 cluster audit OED audit of several operations together in one audit in order to analyze critical issues in a wider sector or country context. 归并审计世界银行业务评价局把几个项目放在一起进行审计，目的是在较广泛的部门或国家范围内分析关键性的问题。 cluster sampling When the basic sampling unit in the population is to be found in groups or clusters (e.g. human beings in households) the sampling is sometimes carried out by selecting a sample of clusters and observing all the members of each selected cluster. 整群抽样一种抽样方法。当母体中的基本抽样单位是按群、组分类时（如家庭中的人口），有时抽样方式是选择一类样本群组，然后对被选择的群组中的每一个样本单位的全体成员进行观察。 coal-based fuel 煤基燃料 coal field 煤田 coal fired power station 燃煤发电站 coal gasification 煤的气化 coal liquefaction 煤的液化 coarse grain(s) Cereal grains used to feed livestock. 粗粮用来饲养牲畜、家禽的粮食。 coastal shipping 沿海航运 coastal state 沿海国家 coastal strip country Country consisting of a small strip of land with an outlet to the sea. Examples include Gambia and Togo. 狭长的沿海国家国土狭长并具有出海口的国家，例如冈比亚和多 哥。 codetermination; comanagement; management participation system System which gives employees the right to be represented in the decisions of a corporation. 共同决策；共同管理；参与管理制一种给予雇员权利的参与公司决策制度。 co-exposure [insurance] 共同承担风险 [保险] cofinanc(i)er 联合贷款者，共同融资者 cofinancing 联合贷款，共同融资 coinsurance Insurance where a number of insurers share the risk or where insured and insurer share the risk. 联合（共同）保险由若干承保人分担风险，或受保险人和承保人分担风险的保险方式。亦见qualitative coinsurance; guantitative coninsurance coke oven gas 炼焦炉煤气 coke oven plant 炼焦炉工厂，焦化厂 coking coal Coal which can be converted into useful coke that must be strong enough to withstand handling. 炼焦煤，焦炭一种可转化为经得起装运的有用的焦炭的煤。 colead manager Lender ranking next to lead manager in a Euroloan. 共同负责的经理在欧洲货币贷款中仅次于首席经理的贷款人。 collateral 抵押资产；担保品 collateral financing 抵押贷款；抵押融资 collect call; transfer charge call; reverse charge call 由受话人付费的电话，对方付费的电话 collection of data 收集数据 collection of taxes 收税 collective self-reliance Term used to describe the economic independence of the developing countries from the industrial countries and economic cooperation among the developing countries. Embodied in the Arusha Programme for Collective Self-Reliance, 1979. 集体自力更生这个名词用来描述发展中国家的经济独立于工业国家以及发展中国家之间经济合作。此名词出自1979年的“阿鲁沙集体自力更生计划”。 collegial management Management system based on the manager being supported by an advisory committee (consisting of senior staff) which helps him in his decision-making. 学院式管理制由顾问委员会（ 由高级职员组成） 协助经理，帮助其进行决策的管理制度。 collusive oligopoly Oligopoly where participants act as a cartel. 勾结性垄断参与并作为一个卡特尔行事的垄断行为。 collusive tendering 共谋的投标（或报价） coloan A cofinanced loan. 联合贷款联合融资的贷款。 comanagement; codetermination; management participation system System which gives employees the right to be represented in the decisions of a corporation. 共同管理；共同决策；参与管理制给予雇员参与公司决策权利的制度。 combined cycle [energy] Designation of a power plant that uses two technologies to generate electricity. Usually applied to gas-turbine and steam-turbine combinations. 组合循环 [能源] 一个发电厂同时采用两种技术发电。通常指燃汽 轮机和蒸汽轮机的组合。 combined heat and power - CHP 热电厂 command-and-control instrument, regulation Government issued regulations, bans or other control mechanism. 命令和控制机制，规章条例政府发布的规章条例、禁令或其他控制机制。 command area [irrigation] An area which could be profitably irrigated or has effectively been irrigated. 控制区 [灌溉] 指可盈利的灌区或已有效地进行灌溉的地区。 command economy; controlled economy; directed economy An economy in which a significant amount of end results is due to the deliberate decision of government bodies rather than to consumer choice plus forces of supply and demand. 管制经济；控制经济；指令经济指一国经济中相当大部分的最终产品的生产是由政府机构的主观决策决定的，而不是来自消费者的抉择和供求的力量。 commercial bank 商业银行 commercial bills; commercial paper Promissory notes normally having a maximum maturity of 270 days sold by companies or institutions to raise cash for purposes of working capital. A major borrowing instrument for first-class borrowers in the U.S. and Canada. 商业汇票；商业票据指一种期票或本票，通常最长期限为270天，由公司或机构发售，目的是筹措流动资金。在美国和加拿大是头等信誉借款者的主要借款工具。 commercial capital 商业资本 commercial conditions 商业条件 commercial debt 商业(银行)债务 commercial deposit [mining] 商业储量 [采矿] commercial energy 商业能源 commercial, commercialized GDP The gross domestic product of commercial activities, i.e. excluding invisibles, services, etc. 国内生产总值中的商业化部分国内生产总值中的商业活动部分，即不包括无形贸易和劳务等。 commercial lending Lending not always at market rate but under normal market conditions (e.g. as regards maturity, reimbursement). 商业贷款指不一定总是按市场利率，但是在正常市场条件下发放的贷款（例如还款期、偿还条件等）。见market-related lending commercial paper 商业票据见 commerial bills commercial production 商业生产 commission, to 代办，代理，委托 commissioned company Agent in Japan which acts for the IBRD (or other non-Japanese financial institutions) in the issue of bonds on the Japanese market. 代办公司，代理公司在日本，代表国际复兴开发银行（ 或其他非日本金融机构）在日本市场上发行债券的代理公司。 commitment authority; authority [IDA] The authority that IDA has to make credit commitments based on the amount of resources it has received or had committed from donors. 承诺权 [国际开发协会] 指国际开发协会根据从捐款国收到的捐助额或承诺额做出信贷承诺的权力。 commitment charge, fee A fee paid by a borrower to a lender in the period between approval of a loan and disbursement of the loan. Intended to reimburse the lender for the cost associated with meeting a disbursement request on demand. Usually stated as a percentage of the loan amount approved and much less than the interest rate charged for the loan commencing with disbursement. 承诺费指在贷款批准后到开始支付前的时期内，借款人向贷款人支付的一种费用。这是借款人对贷款人为准备随时满足支付要求而发生的费用的补偿， 一般是批准贷款额的一定的百分比，远低于贷款支付后的利率。 commitment deflator A deflator which translates Bank commitments into constant dollars. 承诺减缩指数把世界银行承诺贷款折算为不变美元的减缩指数。 Commodity 商品亦见 core commodities； international commodity agreements； international commodity organizations； non-food agricultural commodity； primary commodity； self-targeting （commodity） commodity agreement 商品协议 commodity assistance 商品援助 commodity loan 商品贷款 commodity producing countries, sectors 商品生产国，部门 commodity trade 商品贸易 common share; common stock; ordinary share; equity Units of ownership in a public corporation. 普通股一个公营公司所有权的单位。 communication hub 通讯中心 community facilities; social infrastructure 社区设施；社会基础设施 community health services 社区卫生服务 community health worker - CHW 社区保健人员（简写为CHW） commuter 持长期票的公共交通乘客；每天乘车上下班的人 companion crops A crop sown with another crop on the same land, often to increase returns from the first crop, e.g. by attracting predators of pests of the primary crop. 间播作物一种与其他作物在同一地块上播种的作物，常常是为了增加第一种作物的产量，例如用来吸引主要作物的害虫的作物。 comparatio [staff compensation] A statistical measure which shows the relationship of average salaries of a given population to the midpoint(s) of the applicable salary range(s). 比较比率 [职工报酬] 一种统计度量，表明一定人口的平均工资同适用 的工资幅度中点的关系。 comparative advantage 比较优势 compensation 赔偿，补偿；补偿费，补助金；劳务报酬 compensatory damages Damages to compensate an injured party for his actual loss and/or injury and no more, as opposed to nominal damages and punitive damages. 可补偿损失，损失补偿额对受损方只按实际损失和（或）损伤进行补偿。区别于按名义损伤和处罚损伤进行补偿。 competent court or other authority (to enforce awards) [ICSID] 主管法庭或其他权力机构（实行强制裁决）[解决投资争端国际中心] competing claims (on resources) （对资源的）竞争性权利要求 competitive bidding 竞争性招标 competitive bidding in accordance with local procedures; local competitive bidding - LCB Competitive bidding advertised locally and in accordance with local procedures. Used where foreign competition is unlikely to be attracted. 根据国内程序的竞争性招标；国内竞争性招标（简写为LCB） 只在国内登广告，并按照国内程序进行的招标。用于对外国竞争者不大会有吸引力的项目。 competitive market 竞争性市场 complementarity The provision of funds from extra sources. Used to refer to cofinancing arrangements. 相互补充，互补性；追加，补足从另外来源提供的资金。用来指联合融资协议。 complementary financing Form of cofinancing whereby the lead agency (e.g. the Bank) in addition to making its own loan for an investment project or program, could participate in a commercial bank loan for the same project or program with the sales of participations being pre-arranged (i.e. before the financing is executed). 补充融资联合融资的一种形式，在这种形式下，主办单位（例如世界银行）除了为一项投资项目或计划提供自己本身的贷款外，还可以参加在同一项目或计划中商业银行的贷款，其参与部分的出售是事先(即在联合融资执行之前)安排好的。 complement control Management imposed constraints on the number of staff at certain grades. （人员编制）增补控制管理部门对一定级别职员人数的限制。 completely knocked down - CKD Components of a piece of machinery that have not been assembled. 全散装的；未组装的（简写为CKD） proportions. 指一台机器未经组装的各个散件。复合肥料 按一定比例公式混合而成的肥料，包括氮、磷、completion certificate (of a project) 钾等成份。（项目）完成证书, 竣工证书 compound interest completion coefficient 复利Staffweeks per project from identification to approval, excluding dropped projects. compound rate of growth 完成系数复合增长率每个项目从识别到批准所用的人/周，不包括取消了的项目。compounding factor What an initial amount of 1 becomes when growing completion economic rate of return at compound interest. The rate of return on completion of a project. 复利系数项目完成经济收益率指用复利计算时，起始为1的数额所达到的终值。指一个项目完成后的经济收益率。 comprehensive auditing component (of a project) Auditing going beyond financial auditing into （项目的）组成部分，子项目evaluation and examination of other non-financial aspects of projects. component bidding 综合审计Bidding for part of a contract instead of a whole 除了财务审计外，还对项目的其他非财务方面进contract. 行评价和考察。部分投标对合同的一部分而不是全部进行投标。comprehensive insurance 综合保险 composite currency unit Currency units denominated in a basket of comprehensive planning currencies. The two main ones are the Special 综合计划Drawing Right (SDR) and the European Currency Unit (ECU). comprehensive school 复合货币单位In the United States, a secondary school that 用一揽子货币来表示的货币单位。两个主要的复includes both general education courses and 合货币单位是特别提款权（SDR） 和欧洲货币单specialized fields of study in its program and thus 位（ECU）。offers academic, commercial, trade and technical subjects. In the United Kingdom, a non-selective composite mission secondary school providing all types of education 综合团for all or most of the children in a district. 综合学校composite peg [foreign exchange] 在美国，指既包括普通教学课程又有专门课程的复合盯住汇率 [外汇] 中学，这类学校提供学术、商业、外贸和技术等多方面的专业知识。在英国，属一种非选择性的composting 中学，在一个地区为全体或大多数学生提供各种使成混合肥料形式的教育。 compound [West Africa] 工人居住区 [ 西非] compound fertilizer; mixed fertilizer A formula or mixture of fertilizer compounds such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, in definite comptroler An accountant in charge whose technical skills and professional interests are confined to a single organization or organizational group and who has been given that title by the management of the organization(s). 主计长，审计长一个单独机构或集团的主管会计，他的技术和专业限于为本机构服务，由该机构管理当局为其授予这一职衔。 compulsory saving 强制储蓄 computable general equilibrium (CGE) model A mathematical model developed by the World Bank to model national economies. Used in providing projections and aiding policy analysis as it is able to analyze the effect on a country of project results, macroeconomic factors, etc. 可计算的总体平衡（简写为CGE）模型世界银行开发的一项模拟国民经济的数学模型。由于它能分析项目结果和宏观经济要素等对一国经济的影响，故可以用来提供预测和帮助进行政策分析。 computer 计算机 见 mainframe computer computer aided design - CAD 计算机辅助设计（简写为CAD） computer aided manufacture - CAM 计算机辅助制造（简写为CAM） computer language 计算机语言 computer virus 计算机病毒 computerized 计算机化，电子化，电算化 concealed unemployment; covert, disguised, hidden unemployment 隐性失业 concentration ratio Percentage of total sales or output accounted for by largest firms in a country. 集中度，集中率一个国家里，最大的一些厂商在总销售额或总产值中所占有的比例。 conceptual design 初步设计，概念设计 concertina reduction Method of reducing a tariff structure by reducing the top rate at each step of the transition to the next highest level, leaving the lowest rates unchanged. 折裥状减低减低关税结构的一种方法，即减低每一级段中的最高税率，而保持各级段最低税率不变，形成折裥状，故名。 concessional; concessionary 优惠的，减让性的 concessional, concessionary aid 优惠援助 concessional, concessionary element 优惠、减让因素 concessional flow 优惠资金流量 concessional terms 优惠条件，减让条件 concessionary; concessional 优惠性，减让性 Conciliation Rules [ICSID] 调解规则 [解决投资争端国际中心] 见Rules of Procedure for Conciliation Proceedings concurrent indicator A statistic which has no value for predicting purposes because it changes at the same time as the economy in general, e.g. many types of sales will peak out and bottom out simultaneously with overall economic conditions. 并用指数指一种没有预测价值的统计指数，因为它是随着整个经济的变动而同时变动的。例如，随整个经济状况同时达到顶峰和走出谷底的多种类型销售。 conditionality Conditions attached to financing, often used to refer to IMF financing, e.g. upper credit tranche limits. 条件限制，施加条件指融资的附加条件，常常用来指国际货币基金组织的融资，例如高级信贷分档的限额。 conditions of effectiveness 生效条件 condominial sewerage system Shallow, small-diameter sewers laid at flat gradients run through backyards, receiving flows from short lengths of house connections before making a single, “block” connection to the public sewer. 公寓排污系统这种排污系统是以浅埋的小口径污水管道以平缓的倾斜度铺设于后院，它接受房屋中排出的短程污水，然后通过一个单一的、封闭型的管道通向公共污水管。 confirmed letter of credit Form of irrevocable letter of credit whereby the correspondent bank of the issuing bank gives an undertaking to the beneficiary that payment will be made, provided that the beneficiary complies with the terms of the credit. May be used as performance security. 保兑信用证不可撤消信用证的一种形式，对该信用证，只要受益人遵守信用证的条款，发证银行的代理银行即向受益人承担支付义务。这种信用证可用作履约保证。 conformed copy Copy of a legal document which is certified as authentic. 验证无误的文本经过验证，确认是正本的法律文件。 connection [electricity] 接通，接头，连接 [电力] consent (to jurisdiction) [ICSID] 同意（裁决）[解决投资争端国际中心] consequential damages Damages resulting from a breach which could have been reasonably foreseen. 间接损害，从属损害由于违约而造成的损失，这种违约本可以合理地预见到。 Conservation 节约，保持见 energy conservation consideration, for a; valuable consideration, for 给予补偿；（给予）有价值的补偿 consideration [legal, economic] Something given, done or foreborne in return for the promise or act of another party. 报酬，补偿，对价 [法律，经济] 为回报另一方的承诺或行为而给予、作出或放弃 的事物。 consolidate maturities, to 合并到期日 consolidated balance sheet A balance sheet in which the assets and liabilities of a controlling company are combined with the corresponding items of the organizations it owns or controls in such a manner as to disclose the financial position of the related companies as though they were a single financial unit. 合并资产负债表指一个总公司的资产负债表，表中把它所拥有或所控制的组织的同类科目并在一起，作为一个单一的财务单位来披露各有关公司的财务状况。 consolidated income statement A statement combining the income statements of two or more associated enterprises as a single economic unit. 合并损益表指把两个或两个以上联合企业的损益表，合并为一个单一的经济单位的报表。 consolidation, land 土地集约经营，土地合并 consolidation (of companies) 合并（公司） consortium (for a country) （为一个国家组成的）财团 conspicuous consumption 铺张浪费，挥霍性消费 constant dollar budgeting Budgeting where expenses are adjusted for changes in the purchasing power of the dollar, caused by price changes. 不变美元预算法指根据价格变化而引起的美元购买力的变动，对开支进行调整的预算法。参见current dollar budgeting constant elasticity of substitution - CES Elasticity of substitution which is linearly 消费者需求 homogeneous. 不变替代弹性（简写为CES） consumer durables 线性变化相同的替代物弹性。耐用消费品 constant energy intensity consumer goods 不变能源强度（简写CES） 消费品，生活资料 constant prices consumer price 不变价格消费者价格 constituency, chair of an Executive Director consumer price index - CPI 一个执行董事代表的地区、席位消费者价格指数（简写为CPI） constituent(s) of an Executive Director consumer subsidy 执行董事委托人消费者补贴 constituent subdivision or agency (of a Contracting consumer subsidy equivalent - CSE State) [ICSID] Measures the implicit aggregate tax on consumers （缔约国的）某分区或某机构 [解决投资争端国generated by agricultural policy. 际中心] 消费者补贴等值（简写为CSE） 衡量农业政策对消费者带来的隐性总税负的单constructed value 位。推定价值，建造价值 construction allowance Allowance paid to those subject to involuntary resettlement under a Bank project for income foregone while the resettlers build their houses. consumer surplus 消费者盈余 consumption bundle What is consumed by an individual, population. 施工津贴消费额（量） 付给世界银行项目下非自愿移民的一种津贴，用个人或总人口的消费额（量） 以补偿他们在建造住房时所花去的收入。 consumption conversion factor - CCF construction progress chart In evaluating project benefits, a factor used to adjust 施工进度表welfare change in border prices, based on the expenditures of the average consumer, when construction sector benefits accrue to consumers. 建筑部门，建筑行业消费换算系数（简写为CCF） 在评价项目收益时，用来调整口岸价格的福利变consulting firm 化的一个系数。依据为消费者收益增加时的普通咨询公司消费者支出。 consumables consumption economy 消费品，消耗性物资消费性经济 consumer [telecommunications] contact farmer [agricultural extension] 用户 [电信] A farmer that has been selected in an agricultural extension scheme who will assist in spreading new consumer credit practices to most farmers in the area quickly. 消费信贷农民联系人 [农业**活动] 指在农业**计划中被选出来的农民，协助向该consumer demand 地区大多数农民快速**新的实用技术。 containerization 集装箱化 contingencies 不可预见的事项，意外事项 contingencies, physical （物质的）不可预见事项，意外事项 contingencies, price （价格的）意外变化 contingency allowance; reserve for contingencies; allowance for contingencies 意外事项备抵；意外事故准备金；应急准备金 contingency mechanism [IMF/World Bank] A joint scheme between the Bank and Fund to assist troubled economies initially applied to Mexico. 应急机制 [国际货币基金组织 /世界银行] 世界银行和国际货币基金组织之间的一项联合计划，目的是帮助经济上遇到麻烦的国家，最初应用于墨西哥。 contingency plan 应急计划 contingent asset An asset the existence, value or ownership of which depends upon the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a specified event or upon the performance or nonperformance of a specified act. 或有资产一项资产，其存在、价值或所有权均取决于某个具体事件的发生或不发生，或某项具体行为的完成或不完成。 contingent commitment [IFC] 或有承诺 [国际金融公司] contingent interest 或有利息 contingent liability An obligation which is conditional upon the finalization of certain transactions or may arise in consequence of a future event now considered possible but not probable. 或有负债指一项负债，它的存在取决于某些交易的最后确定，或一个现在认为可能发生但不一定发生的未 来事件的结果。 contingent obligation Type of IBRD “B” loan whereby the loan is initially financed entirely by the commercial lender with IBRD having a contingent commitment to finance at a given date (i.e. at the end of the duration considered “normal” by the commercial markets for the specific borrower) the remaining balance of principal (if any), if the commercial lenders choose not to finance this amount. 或有债务国际复兴开发银行“B”类贷款的一种形式。该贷款起初完全由商业银行融资，而世界银行有一项或有承诺，同意在一定时间（即商业市场认为对该借款者来说是“正常”期限的后期），提供该商业贷款者应贷未贷的余额（如有的话），条件是后者决定不对这部分贷款额提供融资。 contingent reserve Retained earnings appropriated in anticipation of possible future losses or expenses. 意外事项准备金，应急准备金作为准备金的留存盈利，用以应付未来可能发生的损失或费用。 continuation rate [contraception] The rate of continuation of use of contraceptives after a certain lapse of time. 连续使用率 [避孕] 在经过一段时间的停顿以后，继续使用避孕药具 的比率。 continuing education; lifelong education; recurrent education 继续教育，终身教育，持续教育 continuous cropping 连续耕作，连续种植，连作 Continuously Offered Longer-Term Securities - COLTS Program of securities issued by the World Bank, starting in 1986. Buyers can obtain maturities from 3 to over 30 years as they choose. The program is indefinite (hence continuously offered) and of a longer term than the Bank's previous discount note system. It extends the range of paper available in the medium-term note market (initially medium-term meant 2-4 years but now covers up to 30 years or more). 连续上市的长期证券（简写为COLTS） 指世界银行从1986年开始推出的证券发行计划。contractionary policy 购买者可选择期限从3年到30年以上期限的证紧缩政策券。该计划是不定期的（因此称为连续上市），期限长于世界银行以前的贴现债券制。它扩大了conractor 中期债券市场上可获得的债券的范围（原先中期承包商 是2-4 年，但现在包括30年或更长期限）。见 bonded contract; prime, principal, main contractor; subconstractor contour bund 等高土堤，等高堤岸contractual obligations [IBRD]* 合同规定的义务 [国际复兴开发银行] contour farming 等高耕作contractual savings institutions Institutions dealing with contractual savings, i.e. contraceptive prevalence rate - CPR savings that have to be made such as pensions. 避孕普及率（简写为CPR） 约定储蓄机构指从事约定储蓄的机构，如为养老金所进行的储 contract 蓄。 合同 见 arm's-length contract; breach of contract; breach contribution value [MIGA] of contract risk; call order contract; cost-plus fixed The initial value of the resources contributed by the fee contract; cost-plus percentage fee contract; fixed guarantee holder to the investment project. cost contract; fixed term contract; lump sum 出资价值 [多边投资担保机构] contract; man-month contract; open-ended contract; 被担保人对投资项目所出的资金的初期价值。 percentage (fee) contract; performance contract; product in hand contract; production-sharing contributory school; feeder school; preparatory contract; program contract; risk contract; schedule school contract; schedule of rates contract; "slice and School where students go on to a specific package" contract; subcontract; take-and-pay higher-level school, for which it is the feeder. contract; take-or-pay agreement, contract; 先修学校；补习学校；预科 time-based contract; turnkey contract; unit price 向某种更高一级的学校输送学生的学校。 contract control contract documents 控制，管理，检查承包文件，合同文件 controlled flooding contract out, to 受控漫灌，控制的漫灌 出包 controlled plot; control plot contract performance 试验田合同履约情况 controlling interest contract plan Ownership of a corporation in excess of fifty 合同计划percent. Can also be used for ownership of less than 见 agreed budget plan fifty percent if the remainder of the stock is distrib uted among many owners. contract price 控股权益合同规定的价格，合同价指在一个公司里的所有权超过50%。所有权低于 50%时也可以有控股权，只要其余的股份分散在Contracting State [ICSID, MIGA] 许多所有者手里。缔约国 [解决投资争端国际中心，多边投资担保机构] conurbation 集合城市；联合都市（拥有卫星城市的大都市） conventional energy 常规能源 conventional terms 常规条件，一般利率，协定条件 Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of other States [ICSID] 《关于解决国家与他国公民之间投资争端的公约》[解决投资争端国际中心] convergent indicator 收敛指数 conversion at par 平价兑换 conversion forest Forest assigned for conversion to agriculture or other nonforest use. 转换林已确定转为农业或其他非林业用途的森林。 convertible adjustable stock 可转换的可调整证券 convertible bond A bond that, at the option of the holder, may be exchanged for another asset, generally a fixed number of shares of common stock. 可转换债券一种可根据持有者的意愿兑换成另一种资产的债券，一般为固定数量的普通股股票。 convertible debenture loan investment [IFC] 可转换债券贷款投资 [国际金融公司] convertible release (of 18% currency) [IBRD] Release by Bank member of its 18% currency for lending or relending, with permission granted to the Bank to exchange the 18% currency for the currency of any other member. （对18%的当地货币）解除可转换限制 [国际复兴开发银行] 世界银行会员国解除其作为贷款或再贷款之用的18%的当地货币的限制，允许世界银行把18% 的本国货币转换成其他任何会员国的货币。 cooperative program 合作计划 core 核心，岩芯，基本 见 drill core; dwell core core commodities [IBRD] This term is used by the Bank to describe the ten major world commodities as defined by UNCTAD; UNCTAD, itself, does not use this term. 核心商品 [国际复兴开发银行] 这是世界银行用来指联合国贸发会议所确定的 10种世界主要商品的一个名词。联合国贸发会议 本身并不使用这一名词。 core curriculum A curriculum design in which one subject or group of subjects becomes a center or core to which all the other subjects are subordinated. 基础课程，核心课程一种课程设计，其中以一个题目或一组题目为中心或核心，其它科目为其附属科目。 core deparments 核心部门，主要部门见 core ministries core fund [GEF] The basic funding for the Global Environment Facility. 核心基金 [全球环境基金] 指全球环境基金中的基本资金供应。 core hours; core (working) hours 基本工时 core housing; nuclear housing A basic structure, often just the shell, built for low-income families. Additional facilities are provided by the family themselves, often in self-help groups. 最基本住房；核心住房这种住房只有基本的结构，常常只有“外壳”， 是专门为低收入家庭建造的。附加的设施由住户自己提供，住户常常以自助组的形式互相帮助。 core inflation The basic level of inflation over a period of time (e.g. a decade) as opposed to temporary fluctuations in the rate. 基本通货膨胀率一段时期（如十年）的基本通货膨胀水平，相对于通货膨胀率的短期波动而言。 core ministries, departments corporate sector The key ministries, i.e. planning and finance. The business sector. 核心部门，核心部委公司部门关键部门，如计划和财政部门。企业部门，企业界。 core process [IBRD] corporate stocks Includes country, economic and sector work; 公司股票country programs; the project cycle and project evaluation. corporate structure 基本业务，核心业务 [国际复兴开发银行] 公司结构国际复兴开发银行的核心业务包括国家、经济和部门工作，国别规划，项目周期和项目评价。corporate tax 公司税 core project A project based on certain key activities as designated by the Government. 核心项目以某些政府确定的关键活动为基础的项目。 corporation tax [UK]; business (profit) tax; corporate income tax [US] 公司税 [英国]；营业（利润）税；公司所得税 [美 国] core staffing corporatization 核心人员的配备，核心人员编制Conversion of an economy from state-owned enterprises to joint stock companies. core subjects; basic subjects [education] 公司化A subject that is considered so essential that 一国经济从国有企业制向股份公司制的转化。everyone must have instruction in it. 基础课 [教育] correction 被认为是非常重要、每个人都必须学习的课程。调整，纠正 见 monetary correction core working hours 基本工时correspondent bank 见 core hours 代理银行；往来银行 corporate body, institution; body corporate corrugation irrigation 法人团体；机构An irrigation method whereby water flows down the slope in small furrows, called corrugations or rills. corporate bond Used for irrigating uncultivated close growing crops 公司债券such as small grains or pasture on steep slopes. 沟畦灌溉，垅沟灌溉corporate finance 一种使水沿着斜坡流下，顺沟、畦进行灌溉的方公司财务法。用来灌溉未耕耘的密集生长的作物，如小杂 粮或陡坡草地。 corporate income tax [US]; business (profit) tax; corporation tax [UK] cost accounting 公司所得税 [美国]；营业（利润）税；公司税 [英A specialized field of accounting which deals with 国] the ascertainment, classification, recording, allocation and summarization of the various corporate management elements of cost of production, operation and 公司管理机构，公司经营管理，公司管理层maintenance (including overheads) of an entity, using accounting and costing principles and methods corporate restructuring and techniques. 公司改组，公司改革，公司机构重组成本会计，成本核算会计的一项专门领域，运用会计成本核算的原则、方法和技术，对一个实体的生产、运营和维持（包括间接费用）等诸因素进行确定、分类、记录、分配和总结。 cost-plus contract A contract in which the parties agree that the contractor will submit bills for payment based on costs actually incurred plus either a fixed fee or a percentage of those costs. cost and fee contract 成本加成计价合同成本与费用合同一种合同，其中各方同意由承包商根据实际发生 见 cost-plus (fixed fee) contract 的成本加上一笔固定的费用，或是加上成本的一定比例，提交付款单据。 cost-benefit analysis 成本-效益分析cost-plus (fixed fee) contract - CPFF; cost and fee contract cost-benefit ratio [UK]; benefit-cost ratio [US] A contract in which the parties agree that the 成本-效益比率 [英国]；效益-成本比率 [美国] contractor will submit bills for payment based on cost center An organizational unit for which accounts are maintained containing direct costs for which the head of the center is accountable. 成本核算中心一个独立核算的组织单位，其帐目中包括由该中心负责人负责的直接成本。 cost-effective costs actually incurred plus a fixed fee. 成本加成（固定费用）合同（简写为CPFF）； 成本与费用合同一种合同，其中各方同意由承包商根据实际发生的成本加上一笔固定的费用提交付款单据。 cost-plus percentage (fee) contract; cost-plus percentage of cost contract - CPPC A contract in which the parties agree that the contractor will submit bills for payment based on 具有成本效益的 costs actually incurred plus a percentage of those costs. cost-effectiveness 成本加一定比例费用合同（简写为CPPC） 成本效益一种合同，其中各方同意由承包商根据实际发生 的成本加上成本的一定比例，提交付款单据。 cost estimate 成本估计cost-plus pricing system 成本加成定价法 cost, insurance and freight - CIF Applies to goods where the seller must pay the costs cost price and freight necessary to take the goods to the named 成本价格 destination and procures any insurance required. 成本、保险费加运输费（简写为CIF），到岸价cost pricing 格成本定价法 指由卖方负责将货物运送到指定地点并支付运cost-push inflation 费和保险费的价格。A type of inflation caused largely by wage price cost, insurance and freight (CIF)； port of spiral, that consists of upward pressure on the cost of entry/border point price production caused by wage increases, followed by price increase, then further wage increases and so 成本、保险费加运费价（简写为CIF）；到岸（或 on. 入境）价格成本推动型通货膨胀cost-of-living differential factor 指主要由工资-价格螺旋上升所造成的一种通货生活费用差别调整系素膨胀，包括工资的增加对生产成本造成的向上的 压力，引起物价上涨，然后工资再增加，如此循cost overrun 环上升。 成本超支，超额费用 cost recovery 成本回收 cost reimbursable contract Contract which provides for payment of allowable incurred costs, to the extent provided for in the contract. 费用可偿还合同这种合同规定对允许发生的费用可以进行支付， 只要该费用是在合同规定的范围以内。参见cost-plus fixed fee contract , cost-plus percentage fee contract cost sharing 成本分摊，费用分摊 cost-sharing fee [APDF] Set of fees charged by the Africa Project Development Facility to project promoters in order to have them share in APDF's costs in preparing the project. 成本分担费 [非洲项目发展基金] 非洲项目发展基金向项目发起人收取的一系列费用，目的是让他们分担该基金在项目准备过程中的费用（成本）。 cost underrun 成本节余，低于预计的成本 costing 成本计算，成本核算 cottage industry 家庭手工业 Council of Governors [MIGA] 理事会 [多边投资担保机构] counsel [ICSID] 法律顾问 [解决投资争端国际中心] counterfactual An economic what if? Used to imagine what might have happened to an economy if some condition was different from actual reality, e.g. if inflation were only x%, then... 同实际相左的推理一种经济学中的推理方式。用来假设如果某种条件与现实不同，那么一国经济会发生什么情况， 例如，如果通货膨胀只有X%，那么…。 counter memorial [ICSID] In proceedings before ICSID, a response to the memorial submitted by the requesting party which outlines the basis for the case. 辩诉状 [解决投资争端国际中心] 指在解决投资争端国际中心的诉讼中提交的一种文件，是对请求方提交的案件概况备忘录作出的反映。 counterpart agency 对等机构；对口机构 counterpart funds Local currency payments by the ultimate beneficiaries of a Bank loan or IDA credit that accumulate in the hands of the government or an intermediary, in advance of payments due to the Bank or the Association, as the case may be. 配套资金世界银行贷款或国际开发协会信贷的最终受惠者应付的本国货币。一般情况下，此项资金在世界银行或国际开发协会进行支付之前，储存在政府或中间金融机构处。 counterpart staff 对应人员 countertrade The reciprocal and contingent exchange of goods and services specified by contract, with each flow of deliveries being valued and settled in monetary units. 对销贸易对合同确定的货物和劳务进行相互和或有交易，并对每批交货都按货币单位进行定值和结算。 countervailing duty An import duty established specifically to restore the competitive position of businesses that are put at a disadvantage by a tax which raises their costs. 反补贴税，反倾销税，抵消关税指为恢复企业竞争性而专门设立的一种进口税，用于抵消这些企业由于某一税种的征课而提高成本、处于不利地位的后果。 countries in nonaccrual status 处于非应计状况的国家 [世界银行] country assistance management - CAM 国别援助管理（简写为CAM） country economic and sector work - CESW 国家经济和部门调研工作（简写为CESW） country economist* 国别经济学家 country exposure [IBRD] The extent to which a financial institution has lent money to one country. 对一个国家已放款的数额 [国际复兴开发银行] country loan [IBRD] 国别贷款 [国际复兴开发银行] country study 国别研究 country WID action plan Plan, at country level, intended to provide an operational framework, based on sectoral analysis, for targeting and designing Bank assistance in a manner that will effectively reach women and improve both their contribution to economic development and the benefits they derive from it. 国家妇女发展行动计划指国家制定的计划，旨在根据部门分析提供一个业务框架，使世界银行的援助定向设计，以便有效地惠及妇女，提高她们对经济发展的贡献以及她们从中得到的收益。 country-wide project 全国性项目 coupon bond 固定收入债券；附息票债券 coupon equivalent yield The yield obtained from the difference between the purchase price and the face value of a short-term noninterest-bearing instrument, expressed as a percentage, determined by the difference divided by the purchase price. 息票等值收益即短期不带息票据的买入价和面值的差额，以该差额除以购入价的百分率来表示。 coupon rate (of a bond) Interest to be paid regularly on the face value of a bond or other long-term debt instrument. （债券的）息票利率指对一种债券或其他长期债券按面值定期支付的利息。 course 课程 见 base course course interchange [education] In education, a course with interchangeable features. 课程互换 [教育] 教育中具有可互换特点的课程。 covenants [loan agreements] 条款 [贷款协议] cover 覆盖，覆盖物 见 plant cover coverage 承保险别，保险额，保证金，发行纸币准备金 coverage ratio [loans]* 盈利与利息支付比率 [贷款] cover crop; nurse crop A companion crop grown to protect some other crop sown with it, as small grain is sometimes seeded with clover. 护田作物；遮盖作物一种用同其它作物一起播种的作物，用来保护其它作物。例如三叶草有时和一些小粮食作物一起播种。 covered interest arbitrage Investing dollars in an instrument denominated in a foreign currency and hedging the resulting foreign exchange risk by selling the proceeds of the investment forward for dollars. 轧平的套利交易把美元投资于一种以其他货币标值的证券，并用套头交易的办法来避免由此产生的外汇风险，即在远期市场上把投资收入转换为美元。 covering memorandum 为发送文件而写的备忘录 covert, concealed, disguised, hidden unemployment 隐性失业 crawl [noun] 蠕动，缓慢行进 [名词] crawling peg [rate of exchange] A form of international exchange in which monetary authorities make frequent small changes in the rate at which the nation's monetary unit officially trades with others. In some cases the change is triggered when certain conditions are met. 小步调整的固定汇率，浮动钉住 [ 汇率] 国际汇兑的一种形式，其中货币当局对汇率作频繁的小步调整，本国货币单位以此汇率正式地与外币进行交易。在某些情况下，这种调整是在一定条件具备时促发的。 creative financing Financing using unconventional means, e.g. special swaps, etc. 创造性融资使用非常规方法的融资，例如，特别掉期等。Credit line (also known as equity line or agency line) set up by IFC in favor of an intermediary which would draw on the line to make loan and equity investments for IFC's account. 信贷额度 [国际金融公司] 指国际金融公司为某一金融中介机构建立的信贷额度（也称股本额度，代理机构信贷额度）。此额度可由该中介机构提取，并代国际金融公司放贷或进行股本投资。 credit line on an agency basis; agency line [IFC] 给代理机构的信贷额度；代理机构信贷额度 [国际金融公司] creit 信贷 亦见 back-to-back credit; financial credit credit account [IDA] Account opened by IDA on its books in the name of a borrower to which the amount of a credit is credited. 信贷帐户 [国际开发协会] 国际开发协会在其帐簿中以借款人的名义开设 的帐户，用以记入贷款的贷方金额。 credit arrangements 信贷安排 credit multiplier The ratio of change in the volume of lending by a group of deposit-taking financial intermediaries (especially banks) to the change in reserve assets which initiated the change. More commonly, it denotes the ratio of change in bank deposit liabilities caused by the increased extension of credit, to the initiating change in reserve assets. 信贷乘数指一组吸收存款的金融中介机构（特别是银行）贷款额的变化，与引起这一变化的储备资产的变化之间的比率。一般情况下，它表示银行增加信贷发放造成的存款负债的变化与储备资产的促发性变化的比率。 credit availability* credit rating 信贷可得性资信评级，评定资信等级 credit balance credit spread trades 信贷余额Investment in higher risk paper on the one hand (in 见 unspent credit balance the case of the Bank this includes agency securities, Eurobonds and off-the-run securities) and current credit ceiling; credit limit government securities on the other. The yield spread 信贷上限，信贷限额between the two is monitored. When the higher risk paper is trading at a higher than normal yield spread, credit crunch the higher risk security is bought and the lower risk 信用危机security sold; when the spread narrows, the trade is reversed. credit facilities 信贷差价交易信用透支，信用措施这种交易一方面投资于风险较高的票据（就世界 银行而言，这类票据包括政府机构债券、欧洲债credit-in-kind 券和未挂牌的证券），另一方面投资于现行政府实物信贷债券。两者之间的收益率差价被置于监视之下。 当风险较高的票据以高于一般的收益率差价进credit limit; credit ceiling 行交易时，则购进风险较高的证券，售出风险较信贷限额；信贷上限低的证券；当差价缩小时，交易则按相反方向进credit line [IFC] 行。 credit squeeze; credit tightening 银根紧缩；信贷紧缩 credit standing The current creditworthiness of a borrower. 资信等级指借款人目前的资信。 credit tightening; credit squeeze 信贷紧缩；银根紧缩 creditworthiness; financial standing The likelihood of a borrower to pay back a debt, based on past credit performance. 资信；资信等级根据过去的资信表现，判断一个借款人还债的可能性。 creep 缓慢上升见 grade creep creeping inflation 缓慢而持续的通货膨胀 critical consumption level - CCL Poverty line at which additional consumption changes are equally valuable to investment. 临界消费水平（简写为CCL） 一种贫困程度，在这种水平上，额外的消费变化对于投资来说是同等重要的。 critical path method - CPM Type of planning method which shows the interrelationship in sequence of all the activities involved in undertaking a project. The network of activities highlights those operations or activities which are critical for the successful completion of the project within the scheduled time scale. 关键路线法（简写为CPM） 一种计划方法，它显示一个项目进行过程中所有活动的有序内在关系。这种活动网络强调这样一些业务或活动，它们对于在规定时间内成功地完成项目来说是至关重要的。 cronyism 任人唯亲，拉私人关系 cropping intensity 种植密度 cropping pattern 种植格局 crop-cut method Method for estimating agricultural production, consisting of taking a few small subsamples in the form of small squares, selected by using a grid, and extrapolating from these results. 作物切块估产法估计农业产量的方法，它包括用一个方格子在小地方块中采取一些小样，从而推断总产量。 crop production 农作物生产 crops 作物收成 crop tree 经济林木 crop year 作物年度 cross-border; transterritorial 跨国界的；跨国的 cross-bred progeny [livestock] The results of crossing two different breeds or varieties. 杂交品种 [牲畜] 指两种不同品种杂交的后代。 cross-classification 交叉分类 cross-conditionality clause A clause in a World Bank/IMF loan agreement that makes action affecting one organization apply to both organizations. 交叉条件条款世界银行与国际货币基金组织贷款协议中的一项条款，即对它们之中一个组织发生作用的行动，同时适用于两个组织。 cross-country studies 多国研究，跨国研究 cross-default clause A clause in a loan agreement specifying that default on any other loans to the borrower shall be regarded as default on this one. 交叉违约条款贷款协定中的一项条款，规定借款人对其他任何贷款的违约将被视为对本贷款的违约。 cross-effectiveness clause A clause in a loan agreement that states that the agreement only comes into effect when the cofinance loan comes into effect. 交叉生效条款贷款协定中的一个条款，说明只有在联合贷款生效时，本贷款协定才能生效。 cross elasticity A measure of the influence of a price of one good on the demand for another. 交叉（需求）弹性用于衡量一种商品的价格对另一种商品的需求的影响。 cross-over discount rate; equalizing discount rate The discount rate that equalizes the net present value of two streams of benefits and/or costs. 交叉贴现率；平衡贴现率使两项效益和（或）成本流的净现值达到平衡的贴现率。 cross-placements 交叉放款；交叉募集 cross price elasticity Same as cross elasticity. 交叉价格弹性与交叉（需求）弹性相同。 cross rate The exchange rate between currencies A and C which is derived from the rate between A and B and the rate between B and C. 交叉汇率指货币A和C之间的汇率;这一汇率是从货币A和B之间的汇率与货币B和C之间的汇率得出来的。亦见broken cross rate cross-reference clause A clause in a Bank loan document referring to a loan by a commercial bank. 相互参照条款世界银行贷款文件中参照一项商业银行贷款的条款。 cross-sectional analysis An analysis on the basis of a cross section, i.e. the same things at the same time as opposed to a time series, i.e. the same things at a different time. 截面分析，横断面分析对同一时间的相同的事物进行分析。区别于按时间序列进行分析的方法，如对同一事物按不同时间进行分析。 cross-sectional data [econometry] A set of data involving observations taken at one point in time. 截面数据，横断面数据 [计量经济学] 指在某一时点所取得的一套观察数据。 cross section(al) survey Survey which provides a snapshot of an entire population or of a sample population. 截面调查，横断面调查指反映对整个人口或抽样人口的一个瞬间情况的调查。 cross section sample 截面抽样，横断面抽样 cross subsidization 交叉补贴 crosswalk document document that provides cross references between, for example, two budgets which use different systems of classification. The most common form consists of a matrix which helps the reader to determine where an item in the multiyear planning budget may be found in the annual budget. 交叉性文件，对应性文件指提供相互参考的文件，如采用不同分类系统的两种预算。最常见的形式是使用一个矩阵（或表格），帮助读者确定如何在年度预算中找到一个多年计划预算的科目。 crowding in Occurs where government bonds are sufficiently good money substitutes so that bond issues reduce demand for money balances, leading to an expansionary impact via their effect on portfolio composition. 挤入发生在国债成为良好的货币代用品的经济中，在那里，国债的发行降低了对货币的需求，通过其对投资组合构成的影响，产生一种扩张效应。 crowding out Any displacement of private economic activity by public economic activity. 挤出composite currency unit; domestic currency; 18% 公有经济活动挤掉私营经济活动。currency; Eurocurrency market; European Currency Unit; foreign currency; gold-pegged currency; hard crude birth rate - CBR currency; intervention currency; local currency; Birth rate for an entire population. major currency 总出生率（简写为CBR） currency-hedged transaction 整个人口的出生率。A transaction where assets/liabilities are matched by currency. crude death rate Death rate for an entire population. 货币套期衡交易总死亡率一种资产/负债的货币币种相匹配的交易。 整个人口的死亡率。 currency liabilities culled cow In national accounts, the liabilities of a country A cow that has been eliminated from the herd denominated in another currency. because of disease, low quality, etc. 货币负债额被淘汰的母牛在国民核算帐户中用本国货币以外的另一种货 由于疾病、品质差等原因而从牛群里淘汰的母币标值的负债额。牛。currency mix culture fishery 货币组合，货币结构 Fish breeding in a controlled environment. 养殖渔业currency option bond 在一个人为控制的环境进行的鱼类养殖业。货币选择债券 见 multiple currency option bond cumulative charge number [currency pool] The charge number for cumulative disbursements. 累计计息积数 [货币总库] 累计支付的计息积数。currency pool A system set up by the World Bank to equalize among all borrowers at any time the risks inherent in fluctuations in the exchange rates of the currencies 参见charge number disbursed and repayable on all Bank loans included in the system. Equalization is achieved by pooling cumulative letter of credit Form of revolving letter of credit where amounts from unused or incompletely used portions may be carried forward and used in a subsequent period. all currencies disbursed and outstanding on participating loans and by expressing the outstanding principal amount of each such loan as a share of the pool. As a result, loan-service obligations on 累计信用证循环信用证的一种形式，证上未动用或未用完的部分，可以随转下期再用。 cumulative write offs The total amounts written off since operations began. 累计注销额业务活动开始以来所注销的总额。 curb market 场外交易市场，路边市场 each participating loan are related to all amounts in various currencies disbursed and outstanding on all loans in the system. 货币总库制世界银行建立的一种计算贷款还本付息的制度。其目的是当汇率发生波动时，本制度内的各借款人所借用的和应归还的各种世界银行贷款货币的外汇风险，总是由所有借款人平均负担。其方法是把所有参加这一制度的借款人的已支付和未支付的贷款余额货币纳入总库，并把每一笔这种贷款尚未偿还的本金以总库的一个份额来表 见 over-the-counter market 示。最终使每一参加总库的贷款的还本付息，都与货币总库制中所有贷款的已支付和未支付的 currency 各种货币的总额相联系。 货币 亦见 border currency; calling in of a currency; currency-specific costs 特定货币成本 currency swap System whereby an institution with funds in one currency converts them into another and enters into a forward exchange contract to recover the currency borrowed. 货币掉期一个机构持有某一种货币，将它们转换成另一种货币并签定远期外汇合同以收回其借入的货币。 currency transfer risk [MIGA] One of the covered risks. Defined as “any introduction attributable to the host government of restrictions on the transfer outside the host country of its currency into a freely usable currency or another currency acceptable to the holder of the guarantee, including a failure of the host government to act within a reasonable period of time on an application by such holder for such transfer.” 货币转移风险 [多边投资担保机构] 一种承保的风险。其定义是：“东道国政府新采取的任何限制将其货币转移到东道国境外，并兑换成可自由使用货币或受保人可接受的另一种货币的措施。包括东道国政府未能在合理的时间内，对该受保人提出的此类货币转移申请采取行动”。 currency translation Recording in accounts of assets (or liabilities) in one currency when they are actually in another. No actual exchange of funds takes place. The World Bank and IFC, for example, translate all their assets and liabilities into U.S. dollar amounts, regardless of the actual currency in which they are denominated. 货币转换指在帐户上对资产（或负债）按某一币种进行记录，而实际使用另一币种，没有发生实际的资金转换。例如， 世界银行和国际金融公司把所有的资产与负债换算成美元金额记帐，而不管其实际上是什么币种。 currency unit 货币单位 current account balance; current balance* 经常帐目余额 [国际收支] current account deficit 经常项目赤字；经常项目逆差 current account pattern 经常帐目格局 current amount 当期金额见 current insured amount current assets Unrestricted cash or other asset held for conversion within a relatively short period into cash or other readily convertible asset or currently useful goods or services. 流动资产不受限制的现金，或其它在相对较短的时间内可转换成现金或其他易于转换的资产，以及目前可使用的货物或劳务。 current balance of payments 本期国际收支 current blend [IFC] A rate used by IFC to assist in determining the performance of its loan portfolio, it is based on actual and projected debt to equity ratios. 现时混合比率 [国际金融公司] 国际金融公司使用的一种比率，用来帮助确定其贷款资产的业绩，它以实际的和预计的债务权益比率为基础。 current budget The projection of income and expense at anticipated levels of activity rather than in terms of ideal goals. 本期预算，经常预算指在预期活动水平上而不是按照理想的目标，对收入和费用的预测。 current cost [accounting] 本期成本核[会计] 见 current (entry) value current cost (value) accounting; current value accounting; value based accounting Accounting approach designed to reflect changes in the value of assets or goods themselves for changes in specific prices by the use of several methods. The methods commonly used are specific price index, replacement cost, current entry prices, current exit prices, reproduction cost and discounted present values. Current cost deals with the effects of changes in prices of resources used by the enterprise and is concerned with values to the business rather than costs. 本期成本会计法；时价会计法；价值基础会计法 一种会计方法，用不同方式来反映一定价格条件下资产或货物本身价值的变化。通常使用的方法是特定的价格指数、重置成本、本期买入价格、本期卖出价格、再生产成本和贴现现值。本期成本反映企业所用资源的价格变化所带来的影响， 注重对企业的价值而不是成本。 current dollar budgeting Budgeting where expenses are not adjusted for changes in the purchasing power of the dollar but represent actual prices. 现值美元预算法这种预算法不根据美元购买力的变化对开支进行调整，而是反映实际价格。参见constant dollar budgeting current (entry) value; replacement value; current cost [accounting] The amount of cash (or its equivalent) that would have to be paid if the same asset - either an identical asset or an asset with equivalent productive capacity - were acquired currently, computed by applying to historical cost one or more index numbers (= adjusted historical cost) or by substituting for historical prices prevailing prices of equivalent goods and services. 本期（买入）价格；重置价格；本期成本 [会计] 指当前取得同样的资产（相同的资产或具有相等生产力的资产）所必须支付的现金（或其等价物）的数额。其计算方法是把一项或几项指数（=调整后的历史成本）应用于历史成本，或用等量货物和劳务的现行价格替代历史价格。 current equity investment 本期股本投资见 net book value current exit value; exit value; net realizable value [UK] [accounting] The estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less costs of completion and less costs necessarily to be incurred in order to make the sale. It is often used to determine a measurement of an asset value in terms of the amount of cash or its equivalent expected to be derived from the sale of the asset, net of costs required to be incurred as a result of the sale. 本期卖出价格；卖出价；可实现净价 [英国] [会计] 求得本期卖出价格的方法是，用普通业务过程中的估计销售价格，减去完工成本，再减去销售必需花费的费用。常常用来根据销售此项资产预期 能取得的现金或等价物（扣除进行销售所产生的费用）来衡量一项资产的价值。 current insured amount; current amount [MIGA] The amount of the guarantee. Some countries use this amount as the basis for compensation. 本期保险额；本期金额 [多边投资担保机构] 指担保金额。有些国家以此作为计算赔偿的基础。 current international payments 本期国际支付 current liabilities Liabilities that are to be paid out of current assets or transferred to income, usually within one year or less. 流动负债通常指一年内或更短时期内，需要用流动资产来偿付或转入收入的负债。 current maturities That portion of debt falling due for repayment in the accounting year following the date of the balance sheet (i.e. within twelve months of the balance sheet date). 本期债务，本年到期的债务指在资产负债表编制日期以后的会计年度中（即在该日期以后的12个月内）应到期偿还的那部分负债。 current prices 时价，市价 current ratio; working capital ratio Ratio of current assets to current liabilities. It is the main liquidity ratio. 流动比率；流动资金比率指流动资产与流动负债的比率，是主要的流动性比率。 current revenues 本期收入 current terms, in 按现值计；现值；时值 current value 现值 current value 现值 见 current (entry) value current value accounting 现值会计见 current cost (value) accounting current yield 本期收益 curriculum 课程表亦见 core curriculum custom retrofitting 按顾客要求翻新或重装 customs duty bill Special type of credit in France granted by the state to corporations to allow them to pay indirect taxes or customs duty, with a guarantee provided by a bank or other financial institution. These bills allow the corporation to defer payment of value-added tax or customs duties. The state draws up a bill for the amount in question which the corporation agrees to pay on maturity. 关税信用票据法国政府给予公司的一种特别信贷，由一家银行或其他金融机构提供担保，用于支付间接税或关税。这些票据允许公司缓交增值税或关税。国家按公司同意到期偿付的一定金额开具该票据。 customs valuation (practices) 海关估价（商业惯例） cutoff date [debt] 截止日期 [债务] cutoff point (for Bank or IDA financing) Point at which a country is no longer eligible for Bank or IDA financing. （国际复兴开发银行或国际开发协会融资）停止贷款点到达该点的国家不再有资格取得国际复兴开发银行或国际开发协会的贷款。 cutoff rate (of return) [projects] The rate of interest (commonly the opportunity cost of capital or the accounting rate of interest, Little-Mirrlees method, or the consumption rate of interest, UNIDO method) below which capital investment projects should be rejected. It is often taken to be the opportunity cost of capital. The cutoff rate would be the minimum acceptable internal rate of return for a project or the discount rate used to calculate the net present worth, the net benefit-investment ratio or the benefit-cost ratio. 最低预期收益率 [项目] 在该利率（一般是资本的机会成本或会计利率， Little-Mirrlees 法或消费利率， 联合国工发组织方法）水平下， 资本投资项目应予否决。这常常是作为资本的机会成本。最低预期收益率是一个项目可接受的最低内部收益率，或是用于计算净现值、净效益投资比率或效益成本比率的贴现率。 cut over forest Secondary forest that has already been logged but regrown. 砍伐过的森林，再生林已砍伐过，但又再生的次级森林。

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D - dam 堤坝 见 diversion dam; earthfill dam; storage dam data collection 收集数据 dated information 注明日期的信息 day release; block release The system by which a trainee is authorized to be absent from work, usually for one or two complete days a week, with or without pay, in order to attend part-time courses of related instruction and general education constituting part of his training program. 全天脱产培训一种培训制度，该制度下接受培训的人获批准脱产，通常是每周一、两天，带薪或不带薪，目的是能参加培训计划中有关授课和普通教育的课程。 day-to-day money 日用资金 见 call money days receivable The average number of days overdue of accounts receivable. It is used as an indicator of the efficiency of the commercial operations of a corporation, as it reflects its ability with regard to collection of bills. The Bank target is around 60 days. 应收帐款平均拖延日期指应收帐款平均过期天数，用来作为一个公司的商务活动效率的指标，反映它在收帐方面的能力。世界银行的目标是60天左右。 dead storage (capacity) 无效容量，不能利用的容积 deadweight (losses) Loss of consumer surplus incurred by buyers and not captured by producers, which is consequent upon an initially competitive industry becoming monopolistic and therefore, ceteris paribus, charging a higher price and selling a lower level of output. 无谓的损失指买方失去而生产者未能抓住的消费者盈余。这是最初相互竞争的行业形成垄断以后的后果，即（在其它条件保持不便的情况下）提高售价，减少产品销售量。 deadweight tonnage - DWT The weight in long tons that a vessel can carry when fully laden. 载重吨位（简写为DWT） 指一个交通工具完全装满后可载的英吨重量。 deadwood equities [IFC] Investments that either have a loss reserve, a write-off, paid less than half of the portfolio's average dividend rate the past two years, are presently valued at less than 1.2 times cost, or whose prospects for future price appreciation are estimated to be poor. 累赘股本 [国际金融公司] 指某种投资，具有赔款准备金和注销额，在过去 两年里投资组合收益率不到平均股利的50%，目 前价值低于成本的1.2倍，或是未来价格溢升前景 不好。 dealer 掮客，中间商 见 securities dealer dean (of the Board of Directors) （董事会）组长、资深董事 debenture (bond) 1. 1. U.S.: Unsecured bond. 2. 2. U.K.: Loan secured against specific or general assets of a company. 债券，信用债券 1. 1. 美国：无担保债券。 2. 2. 英国：以一个公司特定的或一般的资产作担 保的贷款。亦见convertible debenture loan investment debt bunching 债务归集 debt burden ratio Interest on debt as a percentage of exports. 负债比率债务利息占出口额的百分比。 debt cancellation 取消债务 debt carrying capacity 债务承担能力 debt consolidation* 债务统一 debt conversion 债务转化 debt creating 债务生成，产生债务的 debt distressed country 债务困扰国 debt due 到期债务 debt enhancements 债务组合的改善 debt equity conversion; debt equity swap 债务股本转化；债务股本互换 debt equity conversion fund [IFC] 债务股本转化基金 [国际金融公司] debt equity ratio; debt to equity ratio; debt to capital ratio Mainly used to describe the ratio of total liabilities to shareholders' equity (net worth). It can also be used to describe the ratio of long-term debt to equity, net long-term debt to equity, total or long- term debt to tangible equity (= equity plus revenue plus capital reserves). All these definitions are used in the World Bank and IFC, so care should be taken in translation to ensure the correct term is used. Other definitions are used outside the World Bank. 债务股本比率；债务资本比率主要用于表示总负债与股东权益（净值）的比率。也可用于表示长期债务对股本、净长期债务对股本、总的或长期的债务对有形资产（股本加收入加资本储备）的比率。所有这些定义都为世界银行和国际金融公司所使用，因此在翻译时须小心掌握，以确保用词的准确。其它定义在世界银行之外使用。 debt equity swap; debt equity conversion 债务股本互换；债务股本转化 debt financing 举债筹资，举债融资 debt forgiveness 债务豁免 debt-for-health swaps Exchanges of developing country debt for assistance for health programs. 债务与卫生援助计划互换用发展中国家的债务换取卫生援助方案。 debt funding 债务融资 debt outstanding and disbursed - DOD 已支付未偿还债务，债务余额（简写为DOD） debt overhang 1．The total outstanding debt. 2．The total debt that cannot be readily covered by expected growth. 未偿债务 1. 1．未清偿的债务余额。 2. 2．预期增长不足以抵偿的债务总额。 debt ratio Ratio of total liabilities to total assets. 债务比率总负债对总资产的比率。 debt relief 债务减免 debt rephasing; rescheduling of debt; rephasing of a debt; debt rescheduling 债务重组；重定偿债期限；调整偿债期限； debt representation letter A letter from a member to the Bank outlining the country's external debt. 外债报告书会员国致世界银行概述该国外债情况的信。 debt rescheduling; rescheduling of debt; debt rephasing; rephasing of a debt 重定偿债期限；债务重组 Debt Restructuring Facility - DRF 债务结构调整贷款（简写为DRF） debt retirement Paying off a debt. 还债清偿一笔债务。 debt sales 债务出售 debt service coverag Ratio of net income after taxes plus interest on long-term debt plus depreciation to debt service. 债务还本付息率即税后净收入加长期债务利息加折旧，与债务还本付息的比率。 debt-service ratio External public debt-service ratio (i.e. interest and principal payments) as a percentage of export earnings from goods, nonfactor services, and workers' remittances. 债务清偿率指对外公共债务（还本付息额）偿还比率，即占包括货物、非要素服务和输出劳务的汇款等出口收入的百分比。 debt service requirements 债务清偿条件 debt service schedule 偿债时间表 debt servicing capacity 偿债能力 debt strategy 债务战略 debt to capital ratio 负债资本比率见 debt equity ratio debt to equity ratio 负债股本比率见 sebt equity ratio debt workout program [World Bank] 债务解决方案 [世界银行] Debtor Reporting System [World Bank] 债务人报告制度[世界银行] decapitalize 减低投资资本，非资本化 decision maker 决策人，决策者 decision making body 决策机构 decision-making power 决策权 declining balance method; reducing charge method In depreciation where the annual charge for depreciation is the amount obtained (a) by applying a fixed percentage to the diminishing balance of the asset account, that is the balance after deducting preceding depreciation provisions; or (b) by applying a diminishing rate to the original cost of the asset. 余额递减法；递减计提法即在折旧时采取以下方法计算年折旧额：（1） 对资产帐户的递减余额（即扣减历年折旧额后的余额）使用一个固定的百分比；或（2）对资产的原始成本使用一个递减比率。 deductible [insurance] 可免除的；可扣减的 [保险] deduction 减除见 tax deduction deed of trust 信托契约；委托书 deep discount bond, note Bond with relatively low-coupon rate of interest, offered with a discount in excess of what can normally be treated as capital gain by the investor. 按较大折扣发行的债券，大幅折价债券这类债券通常利率较低，发行时的折扣率超过投资者一般所认为的资本收益。 deep market A very active market. 完全的市场交易非常活跃的市场。 deep sea fishing 深海捕鱼 deep water port 深水港 deepening 深化 见 capital deepening; capital deepening investment; financial deepening deepening of the industrial structure 工业结构深化 default [ICSID] 违约，拖欠 [解决投资争端国际中心] default on obligations 不履行义务 defensive expenditures National accounts concept for expenditure to protect the environment and to combat those undesirable aspects of economic activity that lead to environmental decay, resource degradation and depletion and pollution. 防御性支出国民帐户中的一个概念，指保护环境和治理经济活动中导致环境恶化、资源破坏和衰竭及污染等不利因素的开支。 deferrable participating loan A loan used by IFC whereby the interest paid is linked to the profits of the company. 可递延参与贷款国际金融公司发放的一种贷款，其利息与公司的利润相挂钩。 deferred charges, expenses Expenditures carried forward as an asset until they become relevant (such as an advance rent payment of insurance premium). 待摊费用，递延费用，转结费用作为资产向前递延（转结）直至相应开支发生（如预付的保险金等）。 deferred depreciation 递延折旧，推迟折旧 deferred rate and currency setting 递延利率和货币设定 deferred rate setting - DRS Method of locking in a spread over a Treasury benchmark while distributing the rate fixing over several months. Treasury securities are purchased, with the pricing benchmark being the issue at the time the borrowing was launched and the securities are sold when the borrower wants to fix the Treasury yield component of the borrowing cost. The issue spread is locked in at time of issue and the Treasury yield component of the cost is stripped out. Any decrease in interest rates after the issue date would mean the Treasury notes could be sold at a profit which would reduce the borrowing cost of the issue to a level reflecting the original issue spread and the Treasury yield at the time the Treasury notes were sold. Conversely, any increase in interest rates would mean a loss on the sale of the Treasury securities and an increase in the borrowing cost to a level reflecting the higher Treasury yield. 递延利率确定法，延期利率确定法（ 简写为DRS） 指锁住国库券基价的利差，以此确定今后几个月的利率的方法。具体做法是先购买国库券，确定其在贷款发生时的基价，然后在借款人希望用国库券收益部分来确定借款成本时，卖出国库券。发行利差在发行时即已锁定，而国库券收益组成部分中的成本则被分离出去。发行日之后利率的任何下降都将意味着国库券可以卖出并获利，也就是说可能可以把借款成本降低到原发行利差和国库券销售时的收益水平上。相反，利率的任何上升都意味着国库券销售的损失，以及贷款成本提高到较高的国库券收益水平。亦见anticipatory rate setting deferred recovery Recovery of currency used in lending operations subject to maintenance of value. Recovery is deferred for any currency outstanding on loan since June 30, 1987. 延期回收在贷款业务中为保值而进行的货币回收。1987年6月30日以来的未偿还贷款使用的任一种货币都在延期回收之列。 deficiency 缺乏，不足见 vitamin deficiency deficit country 逆差国 deficit financing 赤字融资 definitive application for guarantee An application for a MIGA guarantee, to be made once investment plans are established. It provides the detailed information with which MIGA will determine investor, investment and project eligibility; the details of the investment to be insured and the types of guarantees desired; the economic and developmental effects of the project on the host country and the basis for confirming the economic viability of the project enterprise. 确定的担保申请指一旦投资计划确定以后，即向多边投资担保机构提出的担保申请。该申请向多边投资担保机构提供详细情况资料，使多边投资担保机构能据以确定投资者、投资和项目的合格性，申请保险的投资项目的详情和对担保类型的要求，该项目对东道国的经济和发展的影响，以及项目企业的经济可行性的根据。见notice of registration， preliminary application for guarantee deflate, to 缩减通货，紧缩通货 deflation 通货紧缩，通货缩减 deflationary gap 通货紧缩缺口 deflator An implicit or explicit price index used to distinguish between those changes in the money value of gross national product which result from a change in prices and those which result from a change in physical output. 减缩指数，扣除通货膨胀指数一项隐性或显性的价格指数，用于区别物价变动所造成的国民生产总值的货币价值变化，以及由于物质产出变化所造成的变化。亦见commitment deflator; GNP price deflator; implicit deflator; implicit gross domestic product deflator deforestation 砍伐森林 degree of concessionality 优惠程度 degressive scale 递减率 dehusking; husking 去皮，去壳；碾米 delegation of authority 权力下放 delink, to [foreign exchange] 取消挂钩；脱钩 [外汇] delinking [foreign exchange] 取消挂钩；脱钩 [外汇] delinquent taxes 滞纳税款 delivered at frontier - DAF Applies to goods that the seller must deliver to the frontier of the country named in the sales contract. 边境交货价（简写为DAF） 用于卖方必须按销售合同在指定的国家边境交付的货物。 delivered duty paid - DDP Applies to goods that the seller must deliver to the buyers' premises. 完税后交货价（简写为DDP） 这种交货价用于售货方必须在购货方的地址交货。 delivered energy 输出的能源 delivery (of a contract) （按合同）交货 delivery of bids 投标，投递标书见 bid submission delivery system; supply system 交货系统；供应系统 demand deposit Deposits payable within thirty days. 活期存款指在30天以内可以提取的存款。 demand management Influence over the wants of buyers, usually consumers, e.g. advertising. 需求调节；需求管理对买方（通常指消费者）的需求施加影响，例如做广告。 demand money 短期款见 call money demand note 即期票据 demand pull factors Factors that attract migrants into another country. 需求拉动因素，吸引因素指吸引移民到另一个国家去的因素。 demand pull inflation A rise in prices brought about by consumers and investors with rising incomes as they compete for a relatively limited supply of valuable goods. 需求拉动型通货膨胀由于消费者和投资者收入的增加，使他们竞相购买供应量相对有限的贵重物品，从而带动价格上涨。 demand shift 需求变动 dematerialization of manufactures The phenomenon whereby the service content of manufactured goods is increasing. 制成品物质成分减少指在制造品中劳务的内容不断增加的现象。 demerit goods A merit good in which the merit is negative, e.g. alcohol consumption. 无益货物一种具有反面意义的有益货物，例如酒精类消费品。 demographic transition; transition* 人口结构转型 demonstration activity 示范活动 demonstration effect 示范效应 demonstration plot 示范田 demonstration school; laboratory school; model school; practice school A school attached to a teacher-training establishment in order to allow students to observe experienced teachers at work and to undertake teaching practice themselves. 示范学校；实验学校； 模范学校；实习学校师范院校附属学校，其目的是让学生观察有经验的教师的工作，并进行教学实习。 demurrage The money payable to the owner for the delay for which the owner is not responsible in loading and/or discharging after the laytime has expired. 滞期费由非业主责任所造成的装卸货时间超过规定的期限而应付给业主的钱。 dendrothermal power plant 以木材为燃料的发电厂 denominated in (dollars, etc.) （用美元等）标价、计价 departmental forces 部门劳力见 force account departmentalization [education] 分科制 [教育] dependency allowance 抚养津贴，家属津贴 dependency ratio Proportion of children and old people in a population in comparison with everyone else. 抚养率指在总人口中，儿童和老人与其他人口的比率。 dependent 家属 depletion allowance, reserve An allowance for exhaustion of a natural resource. 耗竭限度，藏量指一项自然资源可耗竭的限度。 deposit 储量，存款见 geothermal deposit deposit liabilities 存款负债额 depositor rate of interest; borrowing rate [banks] The rate of interest paid by banks on deposits. 存款利率；借款利率 [银行] 银行对存款支付的利率depository bank A bank that is designated and authorized to accept deposits of funds belonging to the federal government or other government bodies, or funds from other banks which the latter are required by law to maintain as reserve against deposits. 受托银行，存款银行被指定和授权的银行，该银行接受联邦政府或其它政府机构的储蓄资金，或法律要求其它银行作为储蓄准备金的资金。 depreciation 折旧 见 accelerated depreciation; accumulated depreciation; allowance for depreciation; defeered depreciation; straight-line depreciation depreciation allowance 折旧被抵 见 reserve for depreciation depreciation on a straight line; straight line depreciation 直线折旧法 depressed industry 萧条工业 Deputy [Dev. Comm.; IDA] 代表[国际开发协会；发展委员会] Deputy Secretary General [ICSID] 副秘书长 [解决投资争端国际中心] deregulate 取消管制 derivative instruments A contract whose value changes as prices move in a related or underlying commodity or financial instrument. The term covers standard futures and options, as well as over-the-counter swaps, options and similar instruments. 衍生金融工具一种合同，其价值随着有关或特定商品或金融工具的价格变动而变化。这一名词包括标准期货和期权，以及场外掉期、选择权和其它类似的金融工具。 design 设计，图案，图样 design capacity 设计能力 design engineering 设计工程 design speed The highest continuous safe vehicular speed as governed by the design features of a highway. 设计速度由一条公路设计特点所决定的最高连续安全行车车速。 design standards 设计标准 designated forest Forest legally set aside for preservation or production. 指定森林法定作为保留或生产的森林。 Designating Authority (of Panel Members) [ICSID] （小组委员会委员的）指定权利 [解决投资争端国际中心] designer 设计师；设计人 desk officer 国别业务负责人 desk study 案头研究 desktop publishing 案头出版 despatch money; dispatch money The money payable by the owner if the ship completes loading or discharging before the laytime has expired. 速谴费船舶预定装卸货时间内完成装卸时，货主应付的奖金。 destination taxes 目的地税 detailed design, engineering 详细设计 development planning deterrent 开发计划，发展规划阻挠力量；阻挠因素；威慑力量 deworm developing island country 祛除寄生虫发展中岛国 development 发展，开发亦见 area development; engineering development; Evaluation Capability Development Program; land development; letter of development policy; management development; manpower development; site development; skills development; staff development; whole farm development; World Development Indicators development area diagnostically related groups - DRG Groups of related ailments for which identical fee schedules can be prepared. 征侯类同群体（简写为DRG） 疾病类型相关、可以编制相同的医疗费用表的群体。 diesel fuel; diesel oil 柴油 diesel (fired) power plant 柴油发电厂 开发区dietary energy supply - DES Kilocalories per capita per day of food consumption. development bank A standard measure of food intake. 开发银行食物能量供应（简写为DES） 每人每日食物消费的卡路里，是衡量食物摄入的development bond 标准尺度。开发债券 dilution Development Committee* 搀水发展委员会见 stock dilution development credit agreement [IDA] diminishing returns 开发信贷协议 [国际开发协会] 收益递减 development drilling 见law of diminishing returns Drilling in a known producing field as opposed to dip [stockbreeding] exploratory drilling. 药浴 [畜牧业] 开发性钻探在已知的生产性油田进行的钻探。区别于勘测性dipping tank 的钻探。药浴池 development finance company - DFC direct contracting [procurement]开发金融公司（简写为DFC） Award of a contract without using competition. 直接签订合同 [采购]development finance institution - DFI 不经招标而直接签订合同。 发展金融机构（简写为DFI） direct costing development period (of a project, of a company) The process of assigning costs as they are incurred to （一个项目，一个公司的）开发期products and services. 直接成本计算development planner 根据在生产和服务中发生的成本费用确定成本 开发计划人员；发展规划的制定者的过程。 direct labour 直接用工disbursement letter 见 force account 支付信 directed credit disbursement officer 定向信贷支付官员 directed economy disclaimer 指令性经济放弃权利声明，不表示意见 见 command economy disclosure of information direction of lending 信息披露 贷款方向discontinuance [ICSID] directly unproductive profit seeking (DUP) 中断诉讼 [解决投资争端国际中心] activities 直接谋求非生产性利润的活动（简写为DUP） discount 折扣；贴现；贴息；贴水 direct overhead budget In the World Bank, a budget for those overhead discount, to [finance] expenses controlled by the manager. Include office 贴现 [金融] equipment, direct communications, equipment depreciation, field office costs, supplies and discount bond materials. Bond selling at a price less than its par value. 直接管理的间接费用预算还本时付息债券，按票面值付息债券指在世界银行内直接由经理控制的那部分间接以低于票面价值的价格发行的债券。费用的预算，包括办公设备、直接通讯、设备折旧、驻外办事处费用、办公用品等。discount factor How much 1 at a future date is worth today. direct shopping [procurement] 折现因数，贴现折扣Procurement based on direct comparison of price 即未来的“1”在今天的价值是多少。quotations. No bidding documents are used. 直接询价采购 [采购] discount note 在对报价直接比较的基础上进行的采购。不采用Note (i.e. short- or medium-term bond) issued at a 招标文件。discount from its face value. On maturity, the investor receives the full face value. The discount direct workd from par, thus, corresponds to the return on the 直接用工工程investment. 见 force account 贴现票据 指按面值折扣发行的票据（即短期或中期的债dirty bill of lading 券）。票据到期时投资者可取得全额面值。因此， 不洁提单面值的贴现值相当于投资收益。 见 claused bill of lading discount rate [central bank] disadvantaged group Rate at which a central bank (Federal Reserve 贫困阶层，境遇差的阶层，处于不利地位的群体System in the U.S.) (re)discounts certain bills for disbursement deflator Coefficient used to convert disbursement amounts into constant dollars. 支付缩减系数用来把支付额换算成不变美元的系数。 financial institutions. 贴现率 [中央银行] 中央银行（ 在美国为联邦储备银行）对金融机构 某些票据进行（再）贴现的贴现率。 discount rate [project appraisal; securities] Annualized rate of discount applied to debt securities issued below par (e.g. U.S. Treasury bills). 贴现率 [项目评估] 指低于面值发行的债券（如美国国库券）所用的年折扣率。亦见shadow discount rate; social rate of discount discount window [central bank] 贴现窗口 [中央银行] discounted cash flow (DCF) method A type of analysis based on discounting cash flows to the present by a given discount rate. It allows an analyst to take into account the fact that a dollar of benefit received a year from today is not as valuable as a dollar of cost incurred today, for example, because if the cost had not been incurred, the dollar could have been invested, and in a year's time at an interest rate of, say, 10%, the capital would have grown to $1.10. Because projects vary widely in the pattern of their costs and benefits over time, DCF is necessary to place them on a common present value basis for comparison. 现金流量贴现法（简写为DCF） 一种根据给定的贴现率将现金流量折成现值的分析方法。它使分析人员能够认识到一年以后收到的一美元的效益没有今天花费的一美元成本那么值钱。因为假如该成本没有被花费掉，该美元可以进行投资，按10%的利率计算，一年后这笔资本将变成1.10美元。由于项目在一段时间内成本或效益的结构变动很大，需要用DCF方法，把它们放在统一的现值基础上进行比较。 discretionary expense budget In the World Bank, a budget for those expenses directly controlled by the manager. Include salaries, temporary staff costs, overtime, operational travel, representation, hospitality, consultants, contractual services, internal computing and language services. 可支配费用的预算指在世界银行里由经理直接控制的那些费用的预算，包括工资、临时职员费用、加班费、业务差旅费、宴请费、招待费、咨询专家费、服务合同、内部计算和语言翻译服务等费用。 discretionary income Income available after payment of necessaries such as housing, taxation, etc. 可支配收入指付清住房、税款等必要支出之后余下的那部分收入。 discretionary liquidity The amount of liquidity held by the Bank above the minimum prescribed. 可支配流动资金指世界银行持有的、超过最低限额的那部分流动资金。 discretionary spending 机动开支，可支配开支 discussion paper 供讨论使用的文件，讨论文件 disease 疾病 见 pest and disease control; vectorborne disease; water-based disease; waterborne disease; water-washed disease diseconomies Occurs when, as a firm grows larger, management becomes less efficient, raw material costs rise because local supplies are exhausted or for similar reasons. 不经济，成本费用增加指随着企业发展而产生的管理效率的降低，以及由于当地供应耗竭或其他类似原因而带来的原材料成本上升。 disestablish, to 停止活动，清理 disguised unemployment; concealed, covert, hidden unemployment 隐性失业；变相失业；潜在失业 dishoarding Returning an item to either the real flow or the money flow so that it can be circulated, consumed or otherwise used in its intended function. 减少持有量；（货币）出笼把一个物品回放于实物流通或货币流通之中，使其能够流通、被消费或发挥其应有的作用。 disincentive 消极刺激，反激励 disinflation 通货收缩，反通货膨胀 disinflationary 通货收缩的 disintermediation 1. 1. Shift of funds away from financial intermediaries (commercial banks, etc.) into Treasury bills and other securities. 2. 2. Shift by large corporations away from banks to a parallel market, involving other large corporations. 金融中介作用减弱1、把资金从金融中介机构（商业银行等）转移到国库券和其他证券方面去； 2、一些大公司把资金从银行转移到和其他一些大公司有关的平行市场上去。 disinvestment 资本投资减损，投资减少，反投资 dislocated worker 离岗工人，下岗工人 dispatch money 速遣费见 despatch money disposable income 可支配收入 disposal 处理见 waste disposal dispose (of) for value, to 保值处理 disqualification [ICSID] 不合格；取消资格 [解决投资争端国际中心] dissaver 提取储蓄存款者，超支者 dissaving 提取储蓄存款，动用原有储蓄，超支 distance learning, teaching Teaching by remote media such as radio or television. 远程学习、教学通过广播或电视等远距离媒体教学。 distress borrowing Borrowing in a situation of extreme need when there is no other alternative. 急用借款 指由于极端需要，在别无选择的情况下进行的借款。 distressed loan Loan on which repayment of interest and principal has been severely delayed or completely suspended. 还本付息有困难的贷款指还本付息严重拖延或完全停止的贷款。 distress price 急售价格，廉价 distress sale, selling 廉价抛售，出售查封的货物 distributional weight 分配权数 disutility 反效用，负效用 ditch rider; waterman Person responsible for supervising an irrigation area. 灌区管理员负责监管灌区的人员。 diversion dam A barrier across a stream built to turn all or some of the water into a diversion. 分洪坝河流上建造的一个拦截物，使全部或部分河水改变流向。 divestiture; divestment Disposition of an asset or investment by outright sale, employee purchase, liquidation, etc. 售让资产；处置资产通过直接出售、员工认购、清算等方式处置一项资产或投资。 divestment 售让 见 divestiture dividend 股利，红利 见 stock dividend dockage; wharfage; wharfage charges 码头费；船坞费 documentary credit An arrangement where a bank, on behalf of a customer, makes payment to a third party or authorizes such a payment to be made. 跟单信用证，押汇信用证一种由银行代表一个客户向第三者付款或授权付款的安排。 documentary evidence 证明文件，书面证明；单据 dollar budgeting Budget planning based on actual cash outlays for the budget, rather than for a fixed amount of items, with allowances for cost increases 美元预算按预算的实际现金支出而不是按固定的实物类目所作的预算，其中留出成本增加的余地。 dollar gap When the inflow of dollars into the US is high, causing a shortage of dollars on the international market. 美元差额；美元缺口由于大量的美元流回美国所造成的国际市场美元的短缺。 dollarization 美元化 domestic asset formation; domestic capital formation Gross fixed capital formation plus increase in stocks. 国内资产形成；国内资本形成指固定资本形成总值加库存的增加量。 domestic content 国产成分 domestic currency 本币 domestic economy 本国经济 domestic finance studies 国内金融研究 domestic preference; preference margin; preferential margin; margin of preference [procurement] Preference given to certain goods and services of domestic origin in a bidding procedure. 国内优先；优先幅度 [采购] 在招标程中对国内生产的某些货物和劳务给予 优先考虑。 domestic resource cost - DRC Cost of resources used in products that are not imported. 国内资源成本（简写为DRC） 在产品中使用的非进口资源的成本。 domestic resource cost ratio domestic resource cost coefficient - DRCC 国内资源成本比率，国内资源成本系数（简写为DRCC） domestic savings 国内储蓄 domestic value added The value added to a product by local or domestic activities. 国内附加值指本地或国内的活动为产品带来的增加的价值。 donor country 捐助国，捐款国 dose response relationships The direct relationship between a specific amount of environmental pollution and its environmental impact. This is the easiest way to cost the effects of pollution but is not always feasible. 投配-反应关系指一定剂量的环境污染物与其对环境影响的直接关系。这是测算污染效应的最简易的方法，但并非总是可行的。 double cropping; sequential cropping Planting one crop after harvesting another. 两熟耕作法；连续耕作法在收获一种作物之后再种植另一种作物的耕作方法。 double-day phenomenon Phenomenon of women being wage-earners and responsible for children and household tasks. 双日现象，妇女的双重负担指妇女既要上班挣钱又要负责照看子女和从事家务劳动的现象。 double digit inflation; two digit inflation 两位数通货膨胀 double entry accounting An accounting system in which every transaction results in corresponding debit and credit entries in the system. All credits equal all debits at all times. 复式会计，复式簿记一种会计制度，其中每笔交易都分别记入相应的借方和贷方，无论在任何时候，贷方总额总是与借方总额相等。 double factorial terms of trade Terms of trade where changes in productivity in both trading partner countries are taken into account in order to estimate the division of the real gains from trade. They therefore vary proportionately with the net barter terms of trade and with productivity in the export sector but inversely with productivity embodied in imports. 双要素贸易条件，双因素贸易条件这种贸易条件根据贸易伙伴国家双方生产率的变化来估计各方从贸易中分享的实际收益。因此，它们的变化同净易货贸易条件和出口部门的生产率成正比，而同进口所包含的生产率成反比。 double shift teaching system System where, normally because of overcrowding, one group of pupils is taught in the morning, the other in the afternoon. 二部制教学体制采取这种教学制度常常是因为校舍过于拥挤，一组学生在上午上课，另一组学生在下午上课。 double taxation A term widely used to describe double taxation of corporate earnings, once through corporate income tax and again through taxation of corporate dividends paid out of after-tax earnings. Also used to describe taxation paid on income first in one country and then another. 双重征税这一名词被广泛用来描述对公司收益的双重征税：一次是通过对公司所得征税；再一次是通过对公司税后收益中支付的公司红利征税。本名词也用于描述第一次在一个国家交纳所得税，然后在另一国家再付一次所得税。 double weighted borrowing cost [IBRD] When calculating borrowings, the IBRD takes the amount of the loan, multiplies it by the interest rate, and obtains a total for the interest. All the loans and all the interest totals are added. The first sum is then divided by the second to obtain the weighted average interest. This is the single-weighted borrowing cost. Recently, the IBRD has obtained the interest total by multiplying the amount of the loan by the interest and the number of years to maturity, to take into account the fact that it has loans of varying maturities. The weighted averaged interest obtained from this calculation is called the double-weighted borrowing cost. 双重加权借款费用 [国际复兴开发银行] 国际复兴开发银行在计算借款费用时，用贷款额乘以利率得出利息总额，再把总贷款额加上总利息额，然后用第一笔总额除以第二笔总额，得出加权平均利息，即单一加权借款成本。最近国际复兴开发银行改为用贷款金额乘以利率和到期年限（考虑到贷款有不同的到期日）的方法来求得利息总额。以这种方法求得的利息总额即为双重加权借款成本。 doubtful debt 可疑债务 down payment (on the budget deficit) （为预算赤字所做）首期付款 down time 停工期；停机时间 downgrade, to (a loan) （对某一贷款）降级 downloading 下载 downsize, to 缩小，裁减 downstream effect, benefit 下游效应，下游收益 downstream innovations 下游革新 downstream plant, facilities 后处理厂、设施 downswing 下降 downturn (economic) 下降（经济）见 oil (drilling) rig downward trend drip irrigation; dribble irrigation; trickle irrigation 下降趋向；下降趋势The application of water to the soil through small orifices in plastic pipelines. drainage system 滴灌 排水系统通过塑料管道的小孔对土壤进行浇灌。见 storm water drainage system droppage [IFC] draw, to (funds) When a borrower from IFC decides to cancel a loan 提取（资金）before signature. 取消借款（国际金融公司）drawback [customs] 国际金融公司的借款者在协议签字前决定取消An amount of money which is collected as a customs 借款。 duty on imported goods and then refunded when the goods are reshipped as exports. drop out [education] 退税（海关）退学 [教育 ] 在货物进口时作为关税征收的费款，在货物作为 出口再次运出时退还。dropout rate [education] 退学率 [教育] drawdown 提款；提取信贷drought stress Stress on a plant due to lack of water. drawdown of equity 干旱损害提用股本指作物由于缺水而受到的损害。 dressing drug 铺设，修饰 见 basal dressing; surface dressing; top dressing; window dressing dressing section, hall [slaughtering] Area where excess fat and bone is removed from a meat carcass. 分割车间 [屠宰] 从屠宰后的畜体上剔除肥肉和骨头的车间。 dribble irrigation 药品见 brand name drug; generic drug dry farming; dryland farming A system of producing crops in arid and semiarid regions without the use of irrigation. Frequently alternate years of fallow and cropping are practiced. 旱地耕作法指一种在干旱或半干旱土地上不使用灌溉方法生产作物的耕作制度。常常采用一年休耕、一年种植的方法。 滴灌 见 drip irrigation dryland(s) farming 旱地耕作法drift fishing 见 dry farming 漂移捕渔 dryland(s) management drill core The management of arid and semi-arid areas. 钻探岩心旱地管理drilling 指对干旱和半干旱地区的管理。 钻探dry process [cement manufacture] Method of manufacturing cement whereby no water drilling rig, platform is used in the process. 钻井井架，钻井平台干法 [水泥制造 ] 指水泥制造过程中不使用水的生产方法。免关税的参见wet process 。 duty station dual executive director 工作地点Executive director of both the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. dwelling core 兼任执行董事The basic shell of a building often constructed to 同时担任世界银行和国际货币基金组织的执行allow family or self-help groups to have basic 董事。housing and add additional features themselves. 最基本住房dual purpose cattle 指只有基本外壳的建筑，常常是为低收入家庭或Cattle used both for beef and milk. 自助组织建造的基本住房，附加的设施由他们自肉奶两用牛己安装。指既用于产肉又用于产奶的牛。 dummy variable A constructed variable used as a means of including factors that are not naturally quantifiable in an econometric model. It may assume two and only two values (usually 1 and 0) used to represent the dynamic life index [commodities] Index in years of a commodity, assuming a specified growth in rate of production. 多年动态指数 [商品] 指在假定一种商品的特定生产增长率条件下得 presence of a factor and its opposite or absence. 出的多年指数。 虚变量一个虚构的变量，用来包括在经济模型中不能自然量化的因素。它可以假定两个（而且也仅限于两个）值（通常是1和0）， 用来代表某因素及其对立因素的存在或不存在。 dumping 倾销 dung cake 压实的牛粪肥 durable goods; durables Any consumer good which has a significant life and which is not therefore immediately consumed. 耐用品，耐用消费品任何具有相当长的使用寿命，因而不是立即消费掉的消费品。 dust collector 尘埃收集器见 precipitator dust separator 尘埃分离器见 precipitator dutiable 应征关税的 duty free

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- E - early intensive adjustment lending (EIAL) country Country that received two structural adjustment loans or three adjustment operations, with the first taking place before 1986. 早期密集型调整借款（简写为EIAL ）国家指那些自1986年以前至今，接受过两笔结构调整贷款或三个调整项目的国家。 early (maturing) [crops] 早熟 [作物] early retirement scheme 提前退休计划 early warning system 预警系统 earmark, to (funds) 指定用途，专款 earmarked account 专款帐户 earmarked tax 专用税款 earned income 已实现收入，经营收入 earned surplus 已实现盈余，经营盈余 earning assets Loans and investments. 有收益资产，盈利资产即贷款和投资。 earning power 收益能力，盈利能力 earnings 收益，盈利 earthfill dam Dam constructed of excavated earth material. 土坝用挖掘出来的土料修筑的坝。 earth resources satellite One of a series of satellites designed primarily to measure the natural resources of the earth. 地球资源卫星主要为勘测地球上的自然资源而设计的系列卫星之一。 earth road Unsurfaced road made entirely out of earth. 土路完全用土建成、未铺路面的道路。 ease, monetary Policy of reducing restrictions on the availability of money, e.g. by easing credit restrictions. 银根松动，放松银根放松限制货币供应的政策，如放松信贷限制。 easy money A condition in which a combination of relatively low interest rates and great credit availability exists. 银根松动，低息借款指利率较低并且信贷充足的情况。 economic and sector work - ESW 经济与部门调研（简写为ESW） economic hardship A reason for delaying Bank or IFC repayments. 经济困难是推迟对世界银行或国际金融公司还款的一个理由。 economic indicator 经济指标 economic internal rate of return 经济内部收益率见 economic rate of return economic life 经济寿命 economic man 经济人 economic management 经济管理 economic performance 经济运行情况 economic policy note [EDI] 经济政策文件 [经济发展学院] economic price; efficiency price Price reflecting relative value to be assigned to inputs and outputs if the economy is to produce the maximum value of physical output efficiency. 经济价格；效率益价格当经济产生物质产生效率的最大值时，价格反映的投入和产生的相对价值。 economic rate of return - ERR; economic internal rate of return - EIRR An internal rate of return based on economic prices. 经济收益率，经济回报率（简写为ERR）；经济内部收益率，经济内部回报率（简写为EIRR） 根据经济价格确定的内部回报率。 economic recovery loan - ERL [World Bank] 经济复苏贷款（简写为ERL）[世界银行] economic rent The return for the use of a factor of production in excess of the minimum required to provide the service of the factor. The surplus remaining to a project beneficiary after he receives the rewards necessary to attract physical inputs, labor, entrepreneurship and the willingness to bear risk. 经济租金，经济纯利，经济报酬指一项生产要素所得报酬超过该要素维持现有用途所需的最低报酬的那部分收益。在项目受益人收到吸引物质投入、劳力、企业管理和承担风险的意愿所必需的报酬以后，盈余部分仍归他所有。 economic soundness [MIGA] One of the criteria used in assessing a project before a guarantee is provided. 经济健全性 [多边投资担保机构] 在提供担保之前评估项目时所采用的标准之一。 economics of regress The economics of negative growth. The opposite of economics of progress. 倒退经济学负增长经济学。是增长经济学的反意词。 economies of scale 规模经济

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economies of scope Cost advantage of producing different products in a single firm. 范围经济指在一个企业里同时生产不同产品而达到成本优势。 edge bias In crop evaluations, inclusion of a plant on the edge of the square delineating the area to be measured, rather than excluding it, leading to an upward bias. 边缘偏差，边角偏倚在评估作物时，把要测算的正方形区域边缘上的一株植物包括在内而不是排除在外，导致估计过高的偏差。 effective demand* 实际需求，有效需求 edit (texts for publication) 编辑，校订（供出版使用的文字） edited by 编者，校订者，由……校订 editor 编辑，编者 educational achievements 教育成就 educational background 学历 educational material 教学材料，教材 effective 见cost effective effective cut-off 见operational cut-off effective date 生效日期 effective exchange rate The domestic market price of a good divided by its border price. In effect, the exchange rate actually paid for a given good. Serves as an estimate of the shadow exchange rate for that good. 有效汇率，实际汇率即某一货物的国内市场价格除以其边境价格。实际上是对某一货物实际支付的汇率。用来估计该货物的影子汇率。 亦见real effective exchange rate effective interest rate The true rate of interest paid on an installment loan. 有效利率，实际利率对一笔分期偿付的贷款所支付的实际利率。 effective protection coefficient - EPC A measure of protection through import duties, etc. as related to domestic value added as opposed to total value of output. Commonly measured as the excess value added. It measures the protection given to the production process per se, not just to the product. Often useful as a partial, quick indicator of economic acceptability. 有效保护系数（简写为EPC） 用于衡量通过进口税等办法提供的保护。它与国内增加值而不是总产值相关，通常被作为额外增加值。它不仅仅用来衡量对产品的保护，而且用来衡量对生产过程本身的保护。常常可作为一种对经济可接受程度的有限的、快捷的指标。 effective subsidy* 实际补贴率，有效补贴率 effectiveness 生效，有效性，效益见 conditions of effectiveness; cost effectiveness effectiveness of an agreement 协议的有效性 effects method [project appraisal] A method of project evaluation originated by Charles Prou and Marc Chervel, widely used in French-speaking African countries, which involves valuing the product and its tradeable inputs at shadow prices. A comparison is made between the situation with the project and without the project. 效果法 [项目评估] 指由Charles Prou 和 Marc Chervel 创立的一种项目评价方法，广泛用于非洲法语国家。这种方法用影子价格对产品和可交易投入物进行估值，对“有”此项目和“无”此项目两种情况做比较分 析。 efficiency cost of taxation; excess burden of taxation The difference between the resources that the government gains and the sacrifice that is made by taxpayers. 征税的效率成本；超额税负指政府获取资源与纳税人所作牺牲之间的差。 efficiency price 效率价格 见 econoimc price efficiency price; efficient price; long-run marginal cost - LRMC [electricity] The cost of meeting an increase in consumption, sustained indefinitely into the future, when needed capacity adjustments are possible. 效率价格；长期边际成本（简写为LRMC）[电力] 这是为满足消费需求在无限的将来增加时，有能 力进行必要的供电量调整的成本费用。

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efficiency unit 效率单位 efficiency wage Wages measured in cost per unit output rather than in actual wages received or paid. 效率工资以单位产出成本而不是以实际收入或付出衡量的工资。 efficient price; efficiency price; long-run marginal cost - LRMC [electricity] 效率价格；长期边际成本（简写为LRMC）[电力] effluent charges Payment for direct releases into the environment. 排污税，排污费对直接向环境中排放污染物所征收的费用。 effluent sewerage; solids-free sewerage; small-bore sewerage A hybrid between a septic tank and a conventional sewerage system. Its distinctive feature is a solid interceptor tank located between the house sewer and the street sewer. The interceptor tank retains the solids, thereby allowing smaller sewers to be laid at flatter gradients and with fewer manholes. 出流排污；固体物过滤排污；小口径管排污介于化粪池和通常的排污系统之间的一种排污设施。其特点是在住宅排污和街道排污系统之间装置一个截污池，把固体污物拦截下来，这样可以将较小的管道沿较平坦的坡度铺设，并减少检修口。 18% currency [IBRD maintenance of value] The capital paid in to the Bank by a member country in its own currency. Members have to pay in 20% of their initial shares, of which 2% is in gold and 18% in the national currency. This is the 18% currency. Though subsequent capital increases have required a lower national currency payment, this amount is still called 18% currency. 18%的（本国）货币（股本） [国际复兴开发银 行保值] 指会员国以本国货币向世界银行认缴的股份。会 员国在缴付认购股份时，只需先缴纳20%最新认 购股份，其中2%以黄金缴纳，18%用本国货币缴 纳，这就是所谓18%货币。虽然以后增资时要求 缴纳的本国货币比例降低了，但这一部分仍称为 18%货币。 18% currency out on loan [IBRD maintenance of value] 18%贷款货币[国际复兴开发银行保值] Egyptian cotton; kidney cotton; Sea Island cotton; West Indian cotton 埃及棉；椭圆型棉；海岛棉；西印度棉 elasticity of demand The percentage change induced in one factor of demand divided by a given percentage change in the factor that caused the change. For example, if the price of a commodity is raised, purchasers tend to reduce their buying rate. 需求弹性由某一需求因素诱导变化的百分比，除以引起这一变化的因素的一定百分比的变化。例如，如果一种商品的价格上升，购买者趋向于降低他们的购买率。 elasticity of substitution A measure of the ease with which one input can be substituted for another when responding to a change in the ratio of the prices of the substitution. For instance, given a production function, suppose that the ratio of the return to capital to wages declined 1%, making labor relatively more expensive than capital. If the ratio of the amount of capital input to labor input used increases more than 1%, the elasticity of substitution is elastic, which implies that it is relatively easy to substitute capital for labor. 替代弹性用一种替代物来替代一种投入物时，衡量当替代物的价格比率发生变化时，替代的难易程度。例如，在已知一个生产函数的条件下，假设资本收益对工资的比率下降1%，那么劳动力相对于资本费用上升。如资本投入量相对于劳动投入量增加了1%以上，那么这种替代弹性是有弹性的， 这就意味着以资本来替代劳动相对比较容易。 亦见constant elasticity of substitution elastic money The situation occurring in a monetary system in which the volume of currency in circulation can be varied to meet different needs. 弹性货币出现于货币体制中的一种现象，流通中的货币数量可以随需要而变化。 electronic funds transfer - EFT 电子资金转帐（简写为EFT） eligibility; eligibility conditions 合格；合格条件 elegibility ceiling 最高合格限度见 formal elegibility threshold eligibility to bid 投标资格 elegibility threshold 合格限度见 formal elegibility threshold eligible [procurement] 合格的，有资格的 [采购] eligible currency 合格货币 eligible expenses 合格的费用 eligible host country [MIGA] A member who is listed as a developing member country in Schedule A to the Convention. 合格的东道国 [多边投资担保机构] 指在《多边投资担保机构公约》的附表A中列为 发展中会员国的会员国。 eligible investment [MIGA] Investment accepted for coverage under the Convention. Includes equity interests, including medium- or long-term loans made or guaranteed by holders of equity in the enterprise concerned, and such forms of direct investment as may be determined by the Board. 合格的投资 [多边投资担保机构] 指《多边投资担保机构公约》规定的可投保的投 资。如股本权益，其中包括有关企业的股东发放或担保的中长期贷款，以及由董事会确定的其他形式的直接投资。 eligible paper Paper than can be freely traded on the market. 合格票据可在市场上自由交易的票据。 eligible risk 可接受的风险，合格的风险 eligible source country 合格的来源国 embodiment hypothesis Economic theory which states that investments in new capital equipment embody technical change. 体现假设论一种经济理论，认为新的资本设备投资体现技术的变革。 emergency reconstruction loan - ERL 紧急复兴贷款，紧急重建贷款（简写为ERL） emergency recovery loan - ERL 紧急恢复贷款（简写为ERL） emerging markets [securities] 新兴市场 [证券] Emerging Markets Growth Fund* -EMGF [IFC] 新兴市场发展基金（ 简写为EMGF）[国际金融公司] eminent domain The power to take private property for public use by the state, municipalities and private persons or corporations authorized to exercise functions of a public nature. 征用权指取得私有财产用作公共用途的权利。该权利由国家、市政当局，以及被授权行使公共职能的私人或公司行使。 emissions trading Pollution dischargers who release less pollution than the officially approved limit may sell or trade the difference between its discharges and the authorized limits to another firm which can then increase its amount of discharge. 排放量交易 [环境] 污染排放者在污染排放量低于官方批准的限量时，可以将其排放量同批准排放量之间的差额向另一厂商出售或进行交易，使后者可以增加其排放量。

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empower 授权 empowerment Giving political power to disadvantaged groups, e.g. women, children. 给予权利，赋予权利给处于不利地位的群体（如妇女、儿童）以政治权利。 enabling environment 有利的环境 enabling legislation 实施性法案 encashment [IDA] The conversion of notes and other securities paid in by member countries to IDA into cash. 兑现 [国际开发协会] 将国际开发协会会员国所付票据和其他证券兑 换成现金。 enclave project Project designed and supervised by foreign consultants, executed by foreign contractors and suppliers and managed with the help of expatriates. 飞地项目指由外国咨询专家设计和监督、由外国承包商和供应商执行、并在外籍人员帮助下进行管理的项目。 end-of-mission document 出差总结报告 end of pipe pollution control Control of pollution where it is discharged rather than in the production cycle. 排放口污染控制在排放处而不是在生产过程中对污染加以控制。 end use (of a commodity) （商品的）最终用途 end use (energy) efficiency （能源的）最终使用效率 end use tax 最终使用税 energy 能源 亦见 alternative energy; biomass energy; commercial energy; constant energy intensity; conventional energy; net energy ratio energy balance* 能源平衡法 energy affiliate Proposed organization, subsidiary of the World Bank, dealing with lending for energy. Never actually set up. 能源附属机构世界银行提议成立的发放能源贷款的附属机构。实际从未成立。 energy assessment 能源评估 energy audit A survey of energy usage in a system or organization and an examination of how energy may be used more economically. 能源审计指对一个系统或组织能源使用情况的调查，并考察如何能更经济地使用能源。 energy cascading The utilization of energy, otherwise wasted, in the performance of work matched to the characteristics of the energy, e.g. the use of waste heat from an industrial process for a variety of purposes in sequence, performing work at a lower temperature at each stage. The sequence may include air heating, steam raising and water heating. 能源分级利用法为了不浪费能源而根据其特点物尽其用的方法。例如根据不同目的利用工业过程中产生的废热，按温度由高到低的顺序，用于空气加热、生产蒸汽、水加热，等等。 energy conservation 能源节约，节能 energy cropping The growth of plants to be used for energy needs (i.e. wood, oil-bearing plants). 能源作物为了满足能源需要而种植的作物（ 如树木、油料作物）。 energy-efficient 有效使用能源的 energy-intensive 能源密集型，大量消耗能源的 energy lending 能源贷款 engender Considering issues from the point of view of gender, relations between the sexes. 社会性别观点，考虑社会性别问题的从社会性别和两性之间关系出发考虑问题的观点和方法。 engineered road A planned earth road. 规划修筑的土路 engineering 工程 亦见 design; design engineering; detailed design, engineering; environnmental engineering; financial engineering; heavy (engineering) industry; preliminary design, engineering engineering consultant 工程顾问，工程咨询顾问 engineering design 工程设计 engineering development 工程开发 engineering industry 工程工业 engineering, preliminary 前期工程，预备工程 engineering related technical assistance; hard technical assistance Technical assistance geared towards engineering projects as opposed to institution related technical assistance. 与工程有关的技术援助；硬技术援助针对工程项目而进行的技术援助；区别于与机构有关的技术援助。 engineering studies 工程研究 enhance new debt, to 增加新债 enhanced recovery [oil] Increased recovery from a reservoir achieved by artificial means or by the application of energy extrinsic to the reservoir. 强化采集，强化回收 [石油] 利用人为手段或采用石油储藏以外的能源，从石 油储藏中增加回收开采量。 enrollment ratio Ratio of pupils enrolled to total school age population. 入学率入学学生人数与学龄儿童人数的比率。 enrollments 入学，入伍，注册人数，入学人数 entrepôt trade The re-export trade of a country. 转口贸易，中转贸易一个国家的再出口贸易。 entrepreneur 企业家 entrepreneurial benefit-cost ratio - EBC 企业家的效益-成本比率（简写为EBC） entrepreneurship 企业家精神 entries 帐目见 accounting entries entry level 起始级别 environment satellite accounts Subsidiary national account for the environmental sector. 环境卫星帐户环境部门的国民经济分类帐户。 environmental action plan - EAP 环境行动计划（简写为EAP） environmental (advisory) panel An advisory panel of independent, internationally-recognized, environmental specialists, formed to advise on projects involving large dams. Normally required for Bank large dam projects. 环境（顾问）小组由独立的、国际承认的环境专家组成的顾问小组，其任务是对涉及到大型水坝的项目提出建议。世界银行的大型水坝项目通常都有这种要求。 environmental assessment - EA An intensive examination that is required for lending operation that have diverse and significant environmental impacts. 环境评价，环境评估（简写为EA） 对影响环境的贷款项目所作的深入细致的审查， 这类项目对环境有各种各样或是很大的影响。 environmental audit Detailed study of the environmental problems of an area or industrial plant. 环境审计对一个地区或工厂的环境问题所作的详细的研究和审查。 environmental degradation Deterioration in the environment. Includes pathogens in the environment, indoor air pollution, substandard housing and extensive industrialization. 环境降级指环境的恶化，包括环境中存在病原体，室内空气污染，低标准住房，以及大规模工业化。 environmental engineering 环境工程 environmental enhancement Improvement to the environment. Used by the Bank to refer to improvement to the environment as an indirect effect of a project. 环境改善指对环境作出的改善。世界银行用来指一个项目对环境改善起到的间接作用。 environmental goods and services Goods and services provided for environmental protection purposes. 环境货物和服务为环保目的提供的货物和服务。 environmental health, sanitation 环境保健、卫生 environmental hotspot Area on the Earth where there is a considerable and often unique species diversity. 环境热点地球上相当重要的、并且往往是独一无二的物种多样化地区。 environmental impact assessment - EIA Evaluation of the effect of a project on the environment. 环境影响评估（简写为EIA） 对一个项目对环境的影响的评价。 environmental management plan 环境管理方案见 mitigation plan environmental reconnaissance Bank mandated study, carried out by independent, recognized experts during project identification, to ensure that potential environmental effects are identified, ascertain the scope of further environmental studies and action needed，assess the availability of the borrower to undertake them and advise on the need for an environmental panel. 环境考察世界银行在项目识别过程中的一项强制性研究，由独立、公认的专家组进行。该研究的目的是确认项目潜在的环境影响已经得到认明，确定需要进一步进行环境研究的范围和需要采取的行动，对借款人进行研究和采取行动的能力进行评价， 并对是否需要一个环境顾问小组提出意见。 environmental review The whole process by which the Bank monitors the environmental effects of projects. It may involve fullscale environmental assessment or only limited analysis. It starts with screening at identification and continues through evaluation after the last disbursement. 环境评议世界银行监测其项目对环境产生的影响的全过程。它可以包括全面的环境评价或仅仅是有限的分析，从识别阶段的审核开始，一直持续到最后一笔支付完成以后的项目评价阶段。 environmental screening 环境审核 environmental services Functions performed naturally by forests, such as maintenance of waterflow patterns, protection of soil, support of economically important living resources and regulation of climate. 环境服务，环境贡献指森林自然完成的功能，如维持水流的格局，土壤保护，对于经济上重要的生物资源的支持和气候的调节。 environmental stress 环境压力，环境重点 environmental sustainability 环境的可持续性 environmentalist 环境专家 environmentally adjusted domestic product - EDP 根据环保要求调整的国内生产值（简写为EDP） environmentally adjusted economic accounts - EEA 根据环保要求调整的经济核算帐户（简写为EEA） environmentally adjusted income - EAI 根据环保要求调整的收入（简写为EAI） environmentally adjusted national income - ENI 根据环保要求调整的国民收入（简写为ENI） epidemic disease [livestock] 传染病 [畜牧] equalization fund Funds made available by a national government to subnational or local governments to reduce the degree of inequality in the levels of revenue raised by the local governments. 平衡基金，平准基金中央政府向下级或地方政府提供的基金，用来降低地方政府之间财政收入水平的不平衡程度。 equalizing discount rate 平衡贴现率见 cross-over discount rate equalizing rate of return The rate of return that equalizes the present value of two streams of costs. Used to compare two or more different project alternatives. 平衡收益率指使两组成本流的现值相等的收益率。用来比较两个或两个以上的不同的项目选择方案。 equilibrating capital flow 起均衡作用的资本流动 equilibrium climate change The change which would occur once all the lags in the climate system have worked through the system, which may take decades or centuries. 均衡气候变 化指一旦气候系统中所有的时滞均在整个系统中产生作用的情况下所可能发生的变化，这可能要历时几十年甚至几百年的时间。参见transient climate change equilibrium exchange rate The exchange rate when offer and demand are equally balanced. 均衡汇率，平衡汇率供需均衡情况下的汇率。 equilibrium income 均衡收入，平衡收入 equilibrium model 平衡模型见 computable general equilibrium model equilibrium real exchange rate The price of tradables relative to non-tradables that, for given long-term equilibrium (or sustainable) values of other relevant variables such as trade taxes, international prices, capital and aid flows and technology, leads to the simultaneous attainment of internal and external equilibrium and is compatible with long-term economic growth. 实际均衡汇率指在给定其它相关变量，如贸易税、国际价格、资本及援助额和技术等的长期均衡（或可持续的）价值的条件下，贸易产品相对于非贸易产品的价格。它导致在国内和国外同时获得均衡，并与长期经济增长相一致。

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equipment 设备 equipment grant 设备赠款，设备捐赠 equity 股本，自有资本，权益，资本净值 equity; common share [stock exchange] 股票；普通股 [证券交易] equity capital; capital stock (of a corporation) The issued share capital which is neither limited nor preferred in its participation in the distribution of its profits nor in the ultimate distribution of its assets. Equity capital is sometimes used as a synonym for stockholders' equity. 自有资本；（公司的）股本指已发行的股份资本，它在参加利润分配或公司资产的最终分配时，既不受限制，也无优先权。该资本有时也作为股东权益（资产净值）的同义词。 equity feature [IFC] IFC loan which has a feature enabling it to be converted into an equity participation. 可转换为股本的贷款 [国际金融公司] 具有能转换为参股特点的国际金融公司贷款。 equity financing, investment Investment that confers whole or partial ownership in an enterprise and entitles the investor to share in the profits from its operation. 股本融资，股本投资这种投资可以使投资商获得一个企业的全部或部分所有权，并使其有权分享经营利润。 equity fund Money market fund investing in equity stocks. 股本基金指投资于股票的货币市场基金。 equity grant 赠与资本 equity-like instrument A loan structured in such a way that it can be converted into equity. An example is an income note that acts as equity, i.e. it bears interest only if the project generates interest. This means it has the form of equity (cf. stocks where income is generated only if the company pays a dividend). An example of the use of this type of instrument is in high-risk countries where an equity investment would be lost at once but an equity-like instrument, if dollar-denominated, would guarantee the capital and ensure income if the project produced income. 类似股本的证券一种可以转换成股本的贷款构成方式。例如某种具有股本功能的收入票据，只有在项目产生收益时，才有利息。这就是说它具有股本的形式（如只有公司支付股息的情况下才产生收入的股票）。使用这类金融工具的一个例子是，在高风险国家，股本投资可能会一下子化为乌有，而这种类似股本的证券（如果是以美元计值的话）可以保住资本，而且如项目产生收入，还可以保证获得收入。 equity line [IFC] Credit line (also known as agency line) established in favor of an intermediary which would draw on the line to make loan and equity investments for IFC's account. 股本额度 [国际金融公司] 为一金融中介机构建立的信贷额度（也称代理额度），由其提取，代国际金融公司放贷或进行股本投资。 equity loan Loan in the form of equity participation. 参股贷款以参股形式发放的贷款。 equity ownership An interest in a property. 股份所有权在一项财产中拥有的权益。 equity portfolio fund 权益证券投资基金 equity ratio Ratio of assets to net worth. 权益比率资产与净值的比率。 equity security A certificate that designates a proportional ownership in a corporation. Includes rights, warrants and long call options. 股票，产权股票，普通股指在某一公司中拥有一定比例的所有权的证书。包括权利、许可证和长期购买选择权。 equity subscription [IFC] The purchase of shares in IFC by member countries. 认购股份 [国际金融公司] 会员国认购国际金融公司的股份。 equity-type loan; sponsored loan Loan made by equity holders of the borrower. 股本型贷款；创办人贷款由借款人的股东所作的贷款。 equity underwriting Underwriting (i.e. finding buyers for a security issue) a share issue. This technique has been used by IFC, e.g. for the Korea Fund, a diversified closed-end investment company investing in Korean securities, that plans to offer its shares in the U.S. and other markets with IFC as one of the colead managers. 股票承销指承销（即为证券的发行寻求购买者）一项股票的发行。这项技术曾为国际金融公司运用于韩国基金，该基金为多种经营的封闭型投资管理公司，投资于韩国证券，计划在美国和其他市场发行股票，把国际金融公司作为两个牵头经理之一。 escalation 滑动，逐步上升 见 prise adjustment clause；tariff esclation escalation clause [prices] Clause in a contract which allows for prices to increase as certain specified items, e.g. labor costs, increase. 自动调整条款 [价格] 合同中的条款，允许当某些具体项目（如劳动成 本）价格上升时价格上调。 亦见price adjustment clause escalator clause [wages] Clauses in labor agreements providing for automatic wage increases based on movements in a specific price index. 自动调整条款 [工资] 劳务协定中的条款，规定工资可根据某特定物价 指数的变动自动上调。 escape clause; break clause; jeopardy clause A clause in a Eurocurrency agreement specifying that, if certain events curtail the lender's activity or the operation of the Euromarkets, other designated actions will come into effect. 免责条款；中断条款；危害条款；例外条款指欧洲货币协定中的一项条款，规定在出现某种妨碍贷款人活动或欧洲共同市场业务的事件时， 其他预定的行动将生效。Eurosterling 欧洲英镑 escrow A writing, deed, money, stock or other property delivered by the grantor, promisor or obligor into the hands of a third person, to be held by the latter until the happening of a contingency or performance of a condition and then by him delivered to the grantee, promisee or obligee. 代管契据，代管财产由赠与人、立约人或债务人交给第三者保管的文书、契据、款项、股票或其它财产，直至某一意外事故发生或条件得到履行时，再由他交给受保人、受承诺人或债权人。evacuation road 疏散道路 evaluated portfolio [IFC] That part of the disbursed portfolio in companies which have a sufficient operating history for a reasonable review of their creditworthiness or profit potential. 已估价的投资资产 [国际金融公司] 指公司已支付的投资资产中，经营长达一定时间，可以对其资信或盈利潜力做出合理审查的那部分资产。 escrow account Account to set aside a sum of money for a specific evaluation [projects] purpose, e.g. loan repayment. 评价 [项目] 记帐帐户为特定目的（例如偿还贷款）拨出的一定数额的Evaluation Capability Development Program -款项设立的帐户。ECDP [IBRD] 评价能力开发计划（ 简写为ECDP）[国际复兴开estimates of quantities 发银行] 数量估计见 preliminary estimates of quantities evaluation mission; audit mission 评价团；审计团 establishment convention; base convention Basic agreement used in financing a major project. 建立协议，基本协议为一个大项目融资时采用的基本协议。 evidence [ICSID] 证据 [解决投资争端国际中心] examination (of witnesses or experts) [ICSID] European Unit of Account-EUA* （对证人或专家的）审查 [解决投资争端国际中欧洲记帐单位（简写为EUA）心] Eurobonds examination of bids 欧洲债券投标审核 Eurocurrency market examiner 欧洲货币市场检察员 见 bank examiner Euroissues 欧洲证券ex ante evaluation 事先的评价 European Currency Unit - ECU A standard unit of account of European Community member countries. 欧洲货币单位（简写为ECU） 欧共体成员国的一个标准记帐单位。 European flotations 欧洲市场证券发行 ex ante financing gap Used by the IMF to denote a gap between the funds they need and the funds they have available at the start of a program of financing. 预期资金缺口国际货币基金组织在一个融资计划开始时用来表示所需资金和现有资金之间的缺额。 excellence center [education] Training and research institutions for the training of highly qualified personnel and for undertaking research in scientific disciplines. 优等培训研究中心 [教育] 培训优秀专业人才和进行科学研究的培训和研 究机构。 excepted period Period that does not count as laytime even if loading or discharging is carried out. 除外时间，例外时间即使装卸货仍在进行，但不算作装卸货时间内的时期。 excepted risks Risks excluded from insurance under a contract. These often include war, revolution and similar acts of violence, as well as explosions, damage caused by radioactivity or aircraft and similar damage. 例外风险一个合同中不包括在保险范围内的风险。通常包括战争、革命和类似的暴力行为，以及爆炸、放射线或飞机造成的损坏和类似的损害。 excess profit [economics not finance]* 超额利润 excess burden of taxation 过度的税收负担见 efficiency cost of taxation excess capacity 过剩的生产能力，剩余能力 exchange 外汇见 foreign currency，exchange exchange adjustment 汇率调整 exchange allocation 外汇分配 exchange arbitrage 外汇套利，套汇，外汇投机交易 exchange budget 外汇预算 exchange control regulations 外汇管理条例，外汇管制条例 exchange cost 换汇成本，换汇费用 exchange discount 外汇贴水

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exchange equalization account An account to stabilize the exchange value of the domestic currency by preventing excessive depreciation or appreciation. Used primarily in the United Kingdom. 外汇平准帐户为稳定本国货币的币值而设立的一种帐户，以防止过分的贬值和升值。主要用于英国。 exchange market 外汇市场见 foreign exchange market exchange premium 外汇升水 exchange rate differential 汇率差额 exchange rate overvaluation 外汇汇率溢值，外汇汇率高估 exchange rate policy 汇率政策 exchange risk 外汇风险 exchange stabilization fund A fund set up to stabilize the value of the domestic currency. Used primarily in the US. 外汇平准基金为稳定本国币值而设立的一种基金。主要用于美国。 exchange system 外汇制度 excise tax 货物税，消费税 exclusive economic zone - EEZ The area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea over which the coastal state has sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring, exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources of the bed, subsoil and superjacent waters and with regard to other activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone as well as jurisdiction with regard to marine scientific research and the preservation of the marine environment. It should not exceed 200 miles. 专属经济区（简写为EEZ） 沿海国家领海以外和相邻海域不超过200英里的一个区域。国家对其拥有主权，可在该区域进行勘探、开采、保护以及管理海床、海底和其上层海水的自然资源的活动，并对该区域的经济勘探和开采活动以及海洋科学研究和海洋环境保护等拥有司法权。 execute an agreement, to 使协议生效，执行协议 executing agency [UNDP] Organization that implements a project on behalf of another. 执行机构 [联合国开发计划署] 代表另一个组织实施一个项目的组织。 Executive Board; Board of (Executive) Directors [IBRD; IDA] 执行董事会；执董会 [国际复兴开发银行；国际 开发协会] Executive Director 执行董事 executive summary 提要，概述，概要 ex factory price; price ex factory; factory gate price The manufacturing cost excluding cost of distribution. 出厂价格，出厂价指制造成本，不包括销售成本。 exhaustion of local administrative or juridical remedies [ICSID] 当地行政或司法补救措施全部用尽 [解决投资争端国际中心] existence value value of keeping something (e.g. a species of plant or animal) even when no benefit is expected to be derived from keeping it, now or in the future. 存在价值 保存某些东西（ 例如动植物物种）的价值，即使预期在目前或未来都不能从保存中获利。 exit barrier Legal mechanism that prevents from leaving a market (e.g. liquidating or merging a firm), often designed to protect workers from unemployment or to conserve scarce capital resources. 退出障碍防止退出市场（ 例如清算或兼并企业）的法律机制，往往是为保护劳工不致失业或保存稀缺的资金而设定。 external current account deficit* 对外经常帐户赤字 exit bond Instruments issued by a debtor country to a creditor bank in place of a bank credit, that allows the creditor bank to be exempted from future requests for new money and restructuring. Used by Argentina and the Philippines (with its Philippines Investment Notes - PIN). 退出债券由债务国向贷款银行发行的、代替银行信贷的一种金融证券，使贷款银行免于面对增加新贷款和调整偿还期的要求。曾在阿根廷和菲律宾使用（如菲律宾投资债券-简称PIN）。 exit mechanism Procedures to allow users of a service to use alternative services. In public sector management, these include deregulation, contracting out of services to multiple private providers and competition between the public and private sectors. The basic concept was developed by Albert Hirschman in Exit, Voice and Loyalty and adapted by Samuel Paul to the issue of accountability. 退出机制指允许一项服务的用户使用其他替代服务的程序。在公共部门管理中，包括取消管制；把服务承包给多家私人服务供应商；鼓励公共和私营部门之间的竞争。其基本概念由赫什曼在《退出、呼声和忠诚》中提出，萨谬尔R保罗加以调整用 于责任问题。 exit value 卖出价见 current exit value ex-officio [ICSID] 按照职务，出于职权 [解决投资争端国际中心] expansionary policy （经济）扩张政策 expatriate 外籍雇员 expectation [mathematics] 预值 [数学] 见 expected value expected value The mean value of single observations drawn from a finite or infinite universe in repeated samplings. 预期值，期望值从有限或无限的范围内，反复抽样得出的单项观察资料的平均值。 expendable equipment 消耗性设备 expenditure-switching One of the policy alternatives necessary to remove an international trade imbalance. Examples are devaluation and import restrictions which are intended to encourage domestic output and also foreign expenditure on domestic output. 支出转移（政策）为消除国际贸易不平衡而采取的一项必要的政策选择，例如旨在鼓励本国生产和增加外国在本国产品上的支出的货币贬值和进口限制。 expense, to; to write down 减记 expert appraisal 专家评估 expertise 专门知识（或技能），专长 explanatory variable; predictor; predicated, independent variable; fixed variate; regressor [statistics] 解释变量；预测因素；独立变数；固定变数；回归数 [统计] (explicitly) collusive oligopoly An oligopoly where participants act as a cartel. （明显的）勾结性垄断由几家厂商串通一气并作为一个卡特尔行事的垄断行为。 export adjustment loan - EAL Loan made by the World Bank to assist a country to adjust its export sector. 出口调整贷款（简写为EAL） 世界银行为帮助一个国家进行出口部门调整所作的贷款。 export credit 出口信贷 export development fund - EDF A self-sustaining revolving fund set up to recapture the foreign exchange advanced within a specific period, typically 120-360 days, for use again by eligible beneficiaries. It provides mechanisms to give access to exporters to foreign exchange for the purchase of intermediate inputs. The Bank has made loans for these funds as part of its Program of Special Assistance. 出口发展基金（简写为EDF） 一项靠自身维持的周转基金，设立的目的是在一定时期内，一般为120-360 天，回收预付的外汇， 供合格的受益人重新使用。它提供一种机制使出口商取得外汇来购买中间投入物。世界银行作为其特别援助计划的一部分，为这类基金作过贷款。 export earnings, proceeds 出口收入 export-enclave economy Economy which is geared towards the export of one commodity only (e.g. oil). 出口飞地（经济）指仅适合一种商品的出口（例如石油）的经济。 export-oriented 出口型，外向型 export parity price The estimated price at the farm gate or project boundary derived by adjusting the cif or fob price by all the relevant charges between the farm gate and the project boundary and the point where the cif or fob price is quoted. 出口平价价格，出口等值价格根据农场门口或项目边界地至到岸价或离岸价的报价点之间的各项有关费进行调整后得出的农场门口或项目边界的估价。 export processing zone - EPZ An industrial area forming an enclave in the customs area of a country (generally near a port or airport). 出口加工区（简写为EPZ） 在一个国家的海关区域内形成飞地的工业区（一般在港口或机场附近）。 export rehabilitation project - ERP [IBRD] Project geared towards improving the export performance of a country. 复兴出口项目，出口恢复项目（简写为ERP）[国际复兴开发银行] 以改进一个国家的出口效益为目的的项目。 export shortfall 出口不足 export subsidy 出口补贴 exports of goods and services - XGS 货物与劳务的出口（简写为XGS） ex post cofinancing Cofinancing after the initial loan has been made, e.g. by selling part of the loan. 事后联合融资通过诸如出售部分贷款等办法，在进行的联合融资。 ex post evaluation The process whereby the Bank, and in some instances, an agency of the government, shortly after completion of project implementation and disbursements of the proceeds of the loan, review comprehensively the extent to which the objectives and expectations of the project, on the basis of which the Bank loan was approved, have been or show promise of being achieved. 事后评价在项目实施完成和贷款资金支付完毕以后不久， 由世界银行（有时由一个政府机构）对项目进行全面的评审，检查贷款批准时所设定的目标和预期效果是否已经或有望达到。 extended linear expenditure system - ELES* 扩大的线性支出系统（简写为ELES） ex post real interest rate The actual real interest rate. 已发生的实际利率 exposure Amount of investment made, with the additional idea of risk. These translations are proposed. The translation will often depend on the context. 已投资金额已经投资的金额风险敞口，带有风险之意。此处所做的译文仅供参考，实际应用时应根据上下文而定。亦见 bank exposure； co-exposure； country exposure exposure diversification 风险分散 ex quay (duties on buyers' account) Applies to goods that the seller makes available to the buyer on the quay at the destination named in the sales contract. The seller bears the full cost and risk involved in bringing the goods to this destination, except for the liability for clearing the goods for import, which is the responsibility of the buyer. 码头交货，买方码头交货（由买方交付税款） 指卖方在销售合同中指定的目的地码头向买方提供的货物。卖方负担送货到目的地的全部成本和风险，货物进口手续由买方负责办理。 extended family 大家庭，有两代以上人口的家庭 extended payment plan 延期付款方案

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extender [gasoline] 补充剂，增量剂 [汽油] extension [agriculture] **（科研成果等）[农业] extension [building] 扩建 [建筑] extension agent, worker Low-level staff providing assistance and advice to farmers. **人员向农民提供帮助和咨询的下层工作人员。亦见field-level extension worker extension officer A higher-level staff member providing assistance and advice to farmers. **官员向农民提供帮助和咨询的高层工作人员。 亦见field-level extension officer external current account deficit 对外经常帐户赤字 external debt outstanding 外债余额，未偿外债 external debt reporting system 外债报告制度 external payment position 国际收支情况，外债偿付情况 external review mission 外部检查团 external viability 外部可行性，外部存活性 externalities [projects] Costs and benefits of development projects which do not get captured by the market mechanism, e.g. revulsion caused by bad taste advertising, garbage dumped on the outskirts of a city and poor performance of sanitary services. 外部因素 [项目] 发展项目中不在市场机制控制范围内的成本和效益，如庸俗广告引起的反感、倾倒在市郊的垃圾、卫生服务不佳等。 extra long staple cotton Cotton with fibers of 1 3/8 inches long or more. 特长纤维棉花纤维长度在1 3/8 英寸或更长的棉花。 extraordinary budget; special budget 非常预算，临时预算

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- F - face value 票面价值，面值 facility 资金便利，资金融通，贷款基金，设施，设备 fact sheet 情况说明书，基本情况介绍 factor cost, at - f.c. 要素成本 factor income Income derived directly from the current production of goods and services. There are normally four main categories: rent; wages and salaries; interest and profits. 要素收入直接从现时的货物和劳务生产中产生的收入。通常有四大类：租金、工资薪金、利息和利润。 factor income payments 要素收益付款 factor price The price of a factor of production (e.g. land, labor and capital). 要素价格指生产要素（例如土地、劳力和资本）的价格。 factoring The purchase of trade debts, usually without recourse. 代理融通，贷款保收，应收帐款让售购买贸易债务，通常无追索权。 factory farming 工厂化农业 factory gate price 出厂价格见 ex factory price facultative reinsurance Reinsurance of a specific risk. 临时分保，临时再保险对某一特定的风险进行再保险。参见treaty reinsurance fair market value 公平市价，公允市价，议价 fair price shop 平价商店 fallacy of composition A wrong conclusion reached by taking a known fact about individuals and projecting it to apply to the entire population. 推论的谬误把有关个别人的已知事实，推而广之应用于全体人口，从而得出的错误结论。 family planning 计划生育 FAO/IBRD Cooperative Program* 联合国粮农组织与国际复兴开发银行合作计划 FAO/UNIDO/World Bank Working Group on Fertilizers* 联合国粮农组织、工发组织与世界银行肥料工作组。 farm 农场 farm budget 农场预算 farm forestry Forestry carried out on private farmlands. 农田林业指在私人农田上经营的林业。 farm gate price 农场交货价格 farm income 农场收入 farmer-pull innovations 农民拉动的革新 farming system 农作制度 farming systems research - FSR 农作制度研究（简写为FSR） farming techniques 农业技术，耕作技术，农场经营技术 farming unit 农作单位 fast disbursing (loan); quick disbursing (loan) 快速支付（贷款） fast-track procedures Procedures designed to facilitate negotiation of complex trade agreements. They give the president authority to conclude such agreements and submit them to Congress for approval or disapproval without amendment. Used by the Bush administration in the 1990-1991 Uruguay Round negotiations. 快速通道程序一种复杂贸易协议谈判的辅助程序，它授权总统缔结协议，并将协议提交给国会无修改地批准（或否定）。美国布什政府在1990-1991 年乌拉圭回合谈判中曾使用过这种程序。 feasibility study 可行性研究 fecundity 肥沃、多产、生育力 Federal funds* 联邦资金 fee 费用，收费 见 availability fee; backup facility fee; commitment charge, fee; cost plus fixed fee contract; cost plus percentage fee contract; front-end fee; guarantee commission, fee; harbor fees; loan origination fee; management fee; percentage (fee) contract; service and support fee; stumpage fee; tuition fees; zero fee policy fee-based service [IFC] Services provided by IFC for which IFC charges a fee. Includes such services as technical assistance, advice on privatization, corporate strategies, financial risk management, project structuring, setting up capital markets, etc. 收费服务 [国际金融公司] 国际金融公司提供的一种收费性服务。服务内容 包括技术援助、私有化咨询、公司战略、财务风 险管理、项目结构、建立资本市场等。 fee for lodging requests [ICSID] 调解请求费 [解决投资争端国际中心] fee-for-services basis 收费服务基础 feed balance; feed estimate 饲料平衡；饲料估计 feed conversion ratio Ratio which makes it possible to evaluate feed efficiency. Obtained from the amount of product obtained per kilo of feed given to the animal (i.e. daily average profit/feed). 饲料转化率评价饲料效能的一个比率，由喂养牲口的每公斤饲料所获得的产量得出（即日平均利润/饲料）。 feed estimate; feed balance 饲料估计；饲料平衡 feed grains 饲料粮 feed unit One pound of corn or its equivalent in feed value in other feeds which is fed to cattle under normal farm conditions. 饲料单位指在正常农场条件下喂牲畜用的一磅玉米，或具有同等饲料价值的其他饲料。 feedback (of information) （信息）反馈 feedback loop 反馈回路，反馈环路 feeder road 支路，公路支线 feeder school; contributory school; preparatory school School where students go on to a specific higher-level school, for which it is the feeder. 补习学校；先修学校；预科为某一特定的高一级的学校输送学生的学校。 feedlot 牧场，肥育地 feedstock Substance (e.g. gas) used as raw material for its chemical properties in creating an end product. 原料、给料作为原料，利用其化学成分，以生产终端产品的物质（如煤气）。 fellow [EDI] 研究员 [经济发展学院] fertility rate Births per thousand, usually related to individuals of same sex, age, marital status, etc. 生育率每千人平均生育率，通常以相同性别、年龄和婚姻状况的人为基础。 fiber crop 纤维作物 field 矿场，田地 见 coal field field agent 现场代理人，驻地代理人 field assignment, mission 外勤任务，外勤工作团 field crop 大田作物 field-level extension worker 现场**员，实地**员 field mission, assignment 外勤工作团，外勤任务

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field office 驻外办事处，驻外代表处 field seeds The seed of field crops, as contrasted with vegetable and flower seeds. 大田作物种子区别于蔬菜和花卉的种子。 field staff 外勤人员，驻外人员，现场工作人员 field trip 实地考察，现场考察，出差 field unit [agricultural extension] 现场工作组，实地工作组 [农业**] field work 野外工作，现场工作，实地工作 field worker 野外工作者，现场工作者，实地工作者 Fifth Dimension Program World Bank program whereby the Bank provides additional IDA allocations to IDA-only countries that have outstanding IBRD debt, are current on their debt service to the Bank and have an IDA-support adjustment program. 第五方面（信贷）计划世界银行的一种信贷计划。根据这一计划，世界银行向仅用国际开发协会信贷的国家（ 这些国家欠着国际复兴开发银行的贷款，正在还本付息， 同时又有一项国际开发协会支持的调整方案）提供额外的国际开发协会信贷分配额 filing of claims [MIGA] Submitting appropriate documentation to support a claim for a covered loss. 提出索赔 [多边投资担保机构] 提供适当的文件，以支持一项对已承保的损失提 出的索赔。 fill ratio [staff] Percentage of positions in an organization that are filled. （人员编制）满员率 [人员] 一个机构中已经配备的人员占编制人员的比率。 final design 最终设计 final design quantities 最终设计数量 final energy; secondary energy 最终能源；二次能源 finance lease; financial, full pay out lease A lease involving payment over an obligatory period of specified sums sufficient in total to amortize the capital outlay of the lessor and give some profit. In other words, the lessee pays the full value of the asset. 融资租赁；金融租赁，费用全付租赁 一种租赁方式，即在规定期限内分期向出租人支金融期货付规定的金额，其总数足以支付出租人的资本支出并使其获得一定的利润。也就是说，承租人支financial intermediary loan - FIL 付该资产的全部价值。World Bank loan to a financial intermediary, such as a central bank. finance plan 金融中介机构贷款（简写为FIL） 融资计划，筹资计划指世界银行向一个金融中介机构（如中央银行） 发放的贷款。 financial adjustment 财务调整，金融调整financial internal rate of return 财政内部收益率financial claim 见 financial rate of return 金融债权，财务索赔 financial intrinsics financial claims of government An alternative word for financial position. 政府债权，政府征税权财务实况财务状况的同意词。 financial contingency 不可预见费用，财政应急预备费financial lease 金融租赁financial credit 见 finance lease 金融信贷，金融贷款 financial leverage financial deepening 金融杠杆Acquisition of financial assets at a faster rate than 见 leverage nonfinancial assets. 金融深化financial package 即购置金融资产的速度超过购置非金融资产的一揽子财务计划速度。 financial paper financial distress Commercial paper issued by financial institutions. 财政困难，资金困难金融票据金融机构发行的商业票据。 financial engineering Application of innovative techniques in major financial performance, results national and corporate workouts. 财务业绩，财务工作执行结果金融工程指通过采用新技术的方法，在主要国家和公司解financial plan 决债务问题。融资计划，筹资计划，财务计划 financial expenses coverage ratio Net income plus non-cash charges plus interest payments divided by interest payments plus current portion of long-term debt. 财务费用偿付率即净收入加上非现金收费加上利息支付额，除以利息支付额加上长期债务的当前部分。financial rate of return; internal rate of financial return; financial internal rate of return - FIRR The internal rate of return based on financial or market prices. 财务收益率；财务内部收益率（简写为FIRR） 根据财务或市场价格计算出的内部收益率。 financial ratios financial flows 财务比率资金流量，资金流动 financial replicability financial futures Full recovery of the financial costs of the project entity. 财务可回收性指项目实体财务成本的全部收回。 financial repression Distortion in the financial system, with negative interest rates, subsidy interest rates to some privileged borrowers, selective credit allocation, and excessive bureaucratic control over the financial system. 金融抑制金融体制中的扭曲现象，包括负利率，给某些享有特权的借款人的利率补贴，选择性的信贷分配，以及对金融体制上过多的官僚控制。 financial restraint, stringency 金融紧缩，收紧银根 financial spread Income from loans and investments minus cost of borrowing. 财务利差即贷款和投资的收入减去借款成本。 financial standing 财务状况、资产状况、信用状况见 creditworthiness financial statement A balance sheet, income statement, funds statement or any supporting statement or other presentation of financial data derived from accounting records. 财务报表各项报表，包括资产负债表、收益表、资金报表或从会计记录中得出任何辅助报表，或其他财务数据报表。 financial year; fiscal year 财政年度；会计年度 financialization The holding of assets (e.g. savings) in financial form (e.g. bills, bonds, cash) as opposed to in the form of fixed assets (e.g. gold, real property). 金融化以金融形式（如票据、债券、现金等）而不是以固定资产（如黄金、房地产等）形式持有资产（如储蓄）。 financing gap 筹资缺口，资金缺口，财政缺口 financing package 一揽子融资计划 financing plan 融资计划，筹资计划 fineness (of a precious metal) （贵金属的）纯度 fine tuning (of the economy) （经济的）微调 firm bid rule Principle that a bid is irrevocable for a reasonable time after bid opening. 递实盘规则即在开标后的合理时间内实盘不可撤消原则。 first in, first out - FIFO 先进先出法（简写为FIFO） 亦见 last in， first out first-loss deductible [insurance] 第一损失免赔额 [保险] first ranking security 一等证券，头等证券 first refusal right; preemptive right Right to have the first opportunity to purchase real estate when such becomes available, or right to meet any other offer. 优先取舍权；优先购买权在有房地产或其它可购买的财物出让时所具有的优先购买权。 first year rule - FYR [project analysis] A method of determining when to start a project. Two time streams of costs and benefits (using one-year intervals of discounting) are subtracted. The project should be delayed by one year if the net present value of this figure is negative. 首年规则（简写为FYR） [项目分析] 一种决定什么时候启动一个项目的方法。即把两 个时间系列的成本和效益（使用一年间隔进行贴 现）相减，如果所得的差的净现值为负数，则该 项目应推迟一年进行。